Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Final Exam - Spanish Studying - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ir (to go): fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron
        
        Hacer (to do/make): hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron
        
        Tener (to have): tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvieron
        
        Estar (to be): estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvisteis, estuvieron
        
        Poder (to be able to): pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudieron
        
        Querer (to want): quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisieron
        
        Decir (to say/tell): dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijisteis, dijeron
        
        Venir (to come): vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinieron
        
        Ser (to be): fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron
        
        Ver (to see): vi, vio, viste, vimos, vieron
        
        Dar (to give): di, dio, diste, dimos, dieron
        
        aduv to walk
    - - Expressing specific past actions.
        Ayer compré un libro. (Yesterday, I bought a book.)
        Ellos bailaron toda la noche. (They danced all night.)
        
        Narrating a series of sequential events.
        Llegué a casa, me cambié de ropa y salí de nuevo. (I arrived home, changed my clothes, and went out again.)
        El tren partió, cruzó el puente y finalmente llegó a su destino. (The train departed, crossed the bridge, and finally arrived at its destination.)
        
        Describing completed events or actions within a specific time frame.
        Estudié durante tres horas ayer. (I studied for three hours yesterday.)
        Ella trabajó en esa empresa por cinco años. (She worked in that company for five years.)
        
        Expressing sudden or punctual actions in the past.
        El coche chocó contra el árbol. (The car crashed into the tree.)
        Ana recibió una sorpresa inesperada. (Ana received an unexpected surprise.)
        
        Talking about actions that were interrupted by another event.
        Hablaba por teléfono cuando se fue la luz. (I was talking on the phone when the power went out.)
        Estaba caminando cuando me tropecé y caí. (I was walking when I tripped and fell.)
        
        Expressing past actions with a clear beginning or end.
        El concierto empezó a las 8 de la noche. (The concert started at 8 p.m.)
        Terminé de leer el libro en dos días. (I finished reading the book in two days.)
    - - E to I: pedir (to ask for) - pedí, pediste, pidió, pedimos, pedisteis, pidieron
        O to U: dormir (to sleep) - dormí, dormiste, durmió, dormimos, dormisteis, durmieron
  - - - Describing ongoing actions in the past: The imperfect tense is used to talk about actions or situations that were ongoing or in progress in the past.
        Example: Yo jugaba en el parque cuando empezó a llover. (I was playing in the park when it started to rain.)
      - Setting the scene or providing background information: The imperfect tense is used to provide background details or set the scene in a narrative or story.
        Example: Era un día soleado y los pájaros cantaban. (It was a sunny day, and the birds were singing.)
      - Expressing age in the past: The imperfect tense is used to express someone's age in the past.
        Example: Cuando era niño, me gustaba leer cuentos. (When I was a child, I liked to read stories.)
      - Describing physical or emotional states: The imperfect tense is used to describe physical or emotional states that were ongoing in the past.
        Example: Estaba cansado después de un largo día de trabajo. (I was tired after a long day of work.)
      - Expressing habitual actions in the past: The imperfect tense is used to talk about actions that were habitual or occurred repeatedly in the past.
        Example: Todos los veranos visitábamos a nuestros abuelos en el campo. (Every summer, we used to visit our grandparents in the countryside.)
      - Indirect speech or reported speech: The imperfect tense is commonly used when reporting what someone said or in indirect speech.
        Example: Él dijo que estaba cansado. (He said that he was tired.)
    - - Ir
        
        Yo iba
        
        Tú ibas
        
        Él/ella/usted iba
        
        Nosotros/as íbamos
        
        Ellos/ellas/ustedes iban
      - Ser
        
        Tú eras
        
        Él/ella/usted era
        
        Nosotros/as éramos
        
        Ellos/ellas/ustedes eran
        
        Yo era
      - Ver
        
        Yo veía
        
        Tú veías
        
        Él/ella/usted veía
        
        Nosotros/as veíamos
        
        Ellos/ellas/ustedes veían
  - - - -é, -ás, -á, -emos, and -án Just attach this to the end of the infinitive.
    - - tendr-
      - habr-
      - vendr-
      - dir-
      - har-
      - pondr-
      - saldr-
      - sabr-
      - podr-
      - querr-
  - - - Irregulars
        
        tendr-
        
        habr-
        
        vendr-
        
        dir-
        
        har-
        
        pondr-
        
        saldr-
        
        sabr-
        
        podr-
        
        querr-
        
        cabr-
  - - - Note : in the present perfect tense in Spanish, the endings of "ido" and "ado" remain the same regardless of gender.
      - He
        Has
        Ha
        Hemos Han
      - Hablado Comido vivido estado
        sido
        ido
      - Examples
        
        Yo he comido (I have eaten)
        
        Ella ha comido (She has eaten)
        
        Ellos han comido (They have eaten)
        
        Ellas han comido (They have eaten)
  - - - When used with ser or estar, the past participle acts as an adjective and agrees with the subject.
        Example: Ella está cansada. (She is tired.)
      - Agreement in Gender and Number:
      - The past participle agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies.
      - Example: libros cerrados (closed books), puerta cerrada (closed door)
    - - abrir - abierto
      - cubrir - cubierto
      - decir - dicho
      - escribir - escrito
      - hacer - hecho
      - romper - roto
      - morir - muerto
      - poner - puesto
      - resolver - resuelto
      - ver - visto
      - volver - vuelto
    - - Luis hizo los postres. - Los postres están hechos.
      - Carmen preparó la carne. - La carne está preparada.
      - Nosotros abrimos las ventanas. -Las ventanas están abiertas
      - Cristina compró los regalos. - Los regalos están comprados
      - Yo organicé la música. - La música está organizada
      - La mesa está puesta - Mi hermana puso la mesa.
    - - Replace -ar ending with ado.
        Replace -er and -ir ending with
        ido.
      - Note: The endings of the "o" with change depending on the gender of the noun being described, and add "s" to the end if the noun if plural.
  - - - Positive tú commands
        
        To form affirmative tú commands for regular verbs:
        
        For -ar verbs, remove the -ar ending of the infinitive and add -a.
        
        For -er and -ir verbs, remove the -er/-ir ending of the infinitive and add -e.
        
        Example: Hablar (to speak) → Habla (Speak), Comer (to eat) → Come (Eat)
      - Negative tú commands
        
        Negative tú commands are formed by using the present subjunctive form of the verb:
        
        For -ar verbs, replace the -ar ending with -es.
        
        For -er and -ir verbs, replace the -er/-ir ending with -as.
        
        Example: No hables (Don't speak), No comas (Don't eat)
      - For reflexives and non reflexives
        
        Reflexive verbs in affirmative tú commands attach the reflexive pronoun to the end of the verb and add an accent mark, if necessary:
        Example: Levántate (Get up), Lávate las manos (Wash your hands)
        
        For positive in reflexives
        
        The reflexive pronoun, and if theres DOP always go behind the conjugation verb.
        
        Examples
        
        Ponerse los zapatos - Póntelos Habla a tu hermana - Háblala Lava la ropa - lávala
        
        For negative in reflexives
        
        The reflexive pronoun, and if theres DOP always go before the conjugation verb.
        
        Examples
        
        Ponerse los zapatos - No te los pongas Habla a tu hermana - No la hables (Not reflexive so no te)
        Lava la ropa - No la laves (Not reflexive so no te)
        
        Note: there is steam changing in some verbs.
    - - Positive
        
        venir - ven
        
        decir - di
        
        salir - sal
        
        hacer - haz
        
        tener - ten
        
        ir - ve
        
        poner - pon
        
        ser - sé
      - Negative
        
        venir - no vengas
        
        decir - no digas
        
        salir - no salgas
        
        hacer - hagas
        
        tener - tengas
        
        ir - no vayas
        
        poner - no pongas
        
        ser - no seas
        
        Saber - no sepas
        
        Haber - Hayas
        
        Estar - Estés
        
        Note: In some verbs ending with car, gar, zar
        They have to be replaced with ques, gues, ces
        
        Also words ending in ger/gir in the negative form
        have to be replaced by g=> j
  - - - Note : in the present perfect tense in Spanish, the endings of "ido" and "ado" remain the same regardless of gender.
      - Yo Había
        Tú Habías
        Él Había
        Nosotro Habíamos
        Ellos Habían
      - Hablado Comido vivido estado
        sido
        ido
      - Examples
        
        Ya habíamos terminado la tarea cuando llegaste. (We had already finished the homework when you arrived.)
        
        Él había estudiado mucho antes del examen. (He had studied a lot before the exam.)
        
        Habían viajado por varios países antes de establecerse en España. (They had traveled to several countries before settling in Spain.)
        
        Habías llamado al doctor antes de que los síntomas empeoraran. (You had called the doctor before the symptoms worsened.)
- - - - "Por" is used to express duration of time:
        Example: Estudié por dos horas. (I studied for two hours.)
      - "Por" is used to indicate the means or mode of transportation:
        Example: Viajamos por avión. (We traveled by plane.)
      - "Por" is used to express a general location or movement through a place:
        Example: Caminamos por el parque. (We walked through the park.)
      - "Por" is used to indicate an exchange or substitution:
        Example: Te doy diez dólares por el libro. (I give you ten dollars for the book.)
      - "Por" is used to indicate the cause, reason, or motive behind an action:
        Example: Lo hice por ti. (I did it for you.)
  - - - "Para" is used to express purpose or goal:
        Example: Trabajo para una compañía grande. (I work for a big company.)
      - "Para" is used to indicate destination or intended recipient:
        Example: Este regalo es para ti. (This gift is for you.)
      - "Para" is used to express deadlines or specific times:
        Example: Necesito el informe para mañana. (I need the report for tomorrow.)
      - "Para" is used to indicate a comparison or opinion:
        Example: Para mí, este es el mejor restaurante. (In my opinion, this is the best restaurant.)
      - "Para" is used to indicate employment or a recipient of an action:
        Example: Estudio para aprender. (I study to learn.)