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Intelligence - Coggle Diagram
Intelligence
Influences
Genetic influence
- Genetic resemblance -> similar IQ
- e.g. MZ twins have similar IQ, even if raised apart
Flynn effect: IQ scores increase 3 pts / decade
- Because of environment: education, nutrition/health
- Stronger effect in fluid intelligence
Environmental influence - poverty
- IQ -ve correlated with socio-econ status
** Longer in poverty -> lower IQ
** Can increase IQ if remove from poverty
- Environment impacts genetic mechanisms
** Less similar IQ for MZ twins in poverty
** Because less input to reach potential
Stereotype threat: -ve impact of social stereotypes on perf
- Expect to do poorly -> anxious about confirming stereotype -> perform worse, try less
- e.g. African Americans
- e.g. women with maths
Caucasian vs African Americans
- Caucasian average > African American average
- Reasons: racial bias (vocab/knowledge) + economics + stereotype threat
Education
- Improves cog performance, esp. formal reasoning
- Increases crystallised intelligence
Culture
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Problems with testing
- Raven's considered fair (non-verbal, shapes/colour)
- BUT paper, recognising pictures as representations, reading direction, details vs globality, spatial relations
- Cultural biases: rely on verbal, cultural knowledge, experience in education
Important for Indigenous Australians
- Knowing direction, independence
- Use of absolute (e.g. N) vs relative (L, R) terms
- Better visuo-spatial memory
Cross-cultural differences
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What is it
IQ
Reliability: how consistent
- Good test-retest reliability
- Correlation of IQ at 6 & 18yo
IQ: ratio of test performance and actual age
- Standardised: average = 100
- e.g. Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS): subtests
- e.g. Raven's Progressive Matrices: patterns
Validity: whether measures what it's supposed to
- Predictive validity
- Correlation b/n IQ & performance: academic, job, length of life
Hierarchical model
General (g): provides advantage on almost any mental task
- Factor analysis found common element shared by all components (some less - recall digits, than others - story comprehension)
Fluid vs crystallised
- Fluid (gF): solve novel problems; peaks early adulthood then declines
- Crystallised (gC): general knowledge/skills; increases with age
- Highly correlated
1. Faster mental processes
- P-FIT theory: parietal/frontal integration
- Faster reaction times (on Stroop)
2. Better WM capacity
- Better able to control thoughts - focus on wanted, or inhibit unwanted
Hierarchy: general -> subareas (linguistic, numerical, spatial) -> 80 specialised abilities
- Moderately strong correlation among subtests
- Stronger correlation among subtests in same category
Multiple Intelligences
Other types
Practical: solve everyday problems, relies on knowledge/experience - 'street smart'
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Consider because:
- Teaching more effective
- Broad range of skills / achievements
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Gardner: 8 types of intelligence
- Assessed: linguistic (word), logical-mathematical, spatial (picture)
- Not assessed: bodily-kinaesthetic (mvt), interpersonal (others), intrapersonal (self), naturalistic (nature patterns)