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Genetics I - Coggle Diagram
Genetics I
Meiosis
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Stages
Prophase 1 - DNA is replicated, the homologus chromosomes arrange themselves into pairs
Metaphase 1 - Homologus pairs line up at the centre of the cell, DNA crosses over
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Prophase 2 - Chromosomes condense, no DNA replication
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Telophase 2 - Cells divide forming 4 haploid daughter cells, whch are all genetically different
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Produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as parent
Extracting DNA from peas
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2) Add washing up liquid, which breaks down the cell membrane
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DNA
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Structure
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Each nucleotide contains a sugar, a phosphate and a base pair
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DNA is a polymer made of many monomers, called nucleotides, joied together
Protein Synthesis
Making proteins
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Amino acid chain fold up to give each protien a different, specific shape, giving each protein a different funciton
A section of DNA that codes for a certain protein is called a gene, its the order of bases in a gene
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Non-coding parts of DNA
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Some of these parts switch genes on and off, so control whether or not a gene is expressed
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Mutations
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The activity of the enzyme might increase, and this could change the phenotype of an organism
A mutation could affect the ability of RNA polymerase to bind to it, it might make it easier, or even harder
How weel RNA polymerase can bind to DNa will affect how much mRNA is transcribed and thus how much of the protein is produced, this could affect the phenotype
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Non coding DNA
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Less RNA polmerase is able to bind, then less mRNA can be formed
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Transcription
In order to make a protein, the cell needs to transport the information in the DNA to a ribosome
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mRNA is a polymer of nucleotides, but its shorter and single stranded, it uses U instead of T as a base
mRNA is made by copying the DNA base sequences of a gene, this is transcription
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Process
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2) The DNA is unzipped and the RNA polymerase moves along the transcribing stand of DNA to make the mRNA
RNA poymerase joins free RNA nucleotides to complementary bases on the transcribing stand, forming mRNA. Base pairing between the DNA and RNA ensures that the mRNA is complementary to the gene
4) Once the mRNA is made, the molecule moves out of the nucleus and joins with a ribosome in the cytoplasm
Translation
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Process
1) mRNA attatches to a ribosome, and Amino Acids are brought to the ribosome by another RNA molecule called tRNA, the amino acid brough depends on the codon of the mRNA
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Reproduction
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Sexual
Advantages
Genetic variation in offspring, decreases the chance of the whole species becoming extinct
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Allows selective breeding, organisms with desirablecharacterists can be bred to produce even more desirable characteristics
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Basics
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Normal cell has 46 chromosomes, two sets of each
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