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enclosures- consolidating small holdings of alnd into one block for the use of a sole landowner or tenant

les rivals less duplication

protest from small landowners and peasants who didnt economically benefit

allowed for new agriclutral techniques such as less fields left fallow and crops based on soil type

lead to better crop rotation and thus increaed yield

increased agricultural efficiency

meant that cattle and sheep could be spearated into breeds which meant that ones that produce most wool selected and intensely bred which increases the cloth industry

howver counties such as oxfordshire didnt use enclosures and still agricultrually good so not sifgnificant

famring techniques

water meadows- diverting a water from a source to a field to produce damp soil

stops the frost in the spring

better fed animals

more animals can be maintaned on farms

increasing in non working animals as there was 130000 oxen

increase in working animals 1600- 360000 horses and 1700- 600000 working horses

cause there was a consesnus in 1600 that men had increased literacy skills so therefore could read books now n agricultural techniques

dutch immigration- improvements in irrigation and cultivating new crops

one technique was crops were chosen based on soil type

another is as much land used as possible - crop rotation

initially 1/3 fields left fallow to restore nutrietns an in 1420- 3 million fallow and 7 million arable

crop rotation technique

1700- 9 million arable and 1.8 million fallow

due to crop rotation led to introduction of frost resitant turnip and other new crops which were more economical

crops that benefitted from the crop rotation techniquye aided industry like flax for linen

use of nitrogen rich crops like clover which provides nutrietns and fertilsies soil - incfreasing yield

specialised farminng- different regions specilaise in different types of farming due to conditions

due to transport infrwastructure developments and thus the forming of national markets leads to farmers being able to focus on suitable crops for their own land and conditons

improved farmers economically but effects mixed

yeomen had lots of land and money so could experiment to reach specialisation

husbandmen made up a large proportaion of farmers buyt they had less than 40 acres and were effectd by bad harvests so slow to take up as had to know the benefits

employment

there was small landowners that suffered from enclosures

so became wage dependent agrciltural laborours

howevr inflation led to lowering wages which was bad economically

however farms did provide stable employment

1662- settlemnt act that meant that landoweners could easily hire or fire the laborours from different parishes when the harvest was over as they didnt have to worry about poor rates

increase in stable employment due to growth of towns and prots

limited as not stable employment if you dont have a 7 years apprenticeship

1688- there was 364000 families of laborours

there was an increase in the proportion of laboours to farmers