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Innate immunity, Stages:1.Chemotaxis, Migration and Attachment 2..…

- - - - Lysozyme: present in all body fluid
      - Complement: Alternative& lectine pathway do not involve AG-AB reaction :
    - - Synthsised by the liver in response to IL-2,IL-6,TNFa from Macrophage
      - CRP, Ceruloplasmin,a-1antitrypsin,a-2 microglobulin
      - Function: 1.Enhance host resistance.
        2.Minimize tissue injury.
        3.Promote the resolution and repair of inflammatory lesions.
    - - non-specific defense against viral infections (type one)
      - Three groups: 1-Type I IFNS (a,B) 2-Type II INFs : gamma produced by NK & T 3- INF Lambda
  - - - APCs:T-cell activation Macrophages are key effector cells in certain forms of cell-mediated immunity
      - Function
        
        Phagocytosis: MP attracted to site of inflammation by :LPS , c5a,IL-8 or
        
        Opsonization: MP have surface C3b , Fc receptors thereby enhancing the uptake of organisms
        
        Initiation of adaptive immune response:
        Macrophages are importan(APC) to T cells
        
        ADCC: through the release of lytic enzymes at the site of Fc-mediated contact
        
        Secretory : They produce L-1, IL-6,IL-12 ,IL-15, TNE-a,IFN-gamma, chemokine L-8
      - Activated macrophages: 1.are large ,2.have increased metabolism, 3.Increased levels of
        lysosomal proteins, 4.Greater ability to phagocytosis and kill microbes
    - - They kill: 1.Virus infectedd cells 2. Graft cells 3.Tumor cells
      - Regulation: By two receptors 1. KIR 2. Activation receptors 1- If NK recognizes MHC-1 KIR binds to it so NO KILLING 2. If NK did not recognize MHC-1 this will activate activation receptors so KILLING
      - Differ from CTL In :1- They are non-specific 2- They act spontaneously without prior recognition or activation. 3- They do not require antigen presentation by MHC i.e. not MHC restricted. 4. They do ADCC
    - - DC
        
        DC Are phagocytic, DCs are the most Efficient APCs.
        
        Functions: T cell activation: a.The most prominent role , b.Induction of immune tolerance:to prevent autoimmunity , c.B cell stimulation: by cytokines and factors which are critical.
      - Neutrophils
        
        First responders,phagocytic,the most abundant WBCs (50:70%), short half life of only 1-2 days, more efficient aganist bacteria.
    - - 1-3% WBC ,phagocytic,more efficient in immune response to parasites helminths
    - - Non-phagocytic, granules filled with histamin, involved in allergic reactions.