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Biodiversity - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Mark out a grid of an area using tape measures
        Random number generator to identify x and y coordinates
        Take a sample
    - - Ensures data are not
        biased.
    - - May not cover all areas equally, species with low presence may be missed, leading to underestimate of biodiversity
  - - - Why is it carried out?
        
        It is chosen because it is simple to carry out; organisms are studied that are known to a certain environment e.g. daisies on a school field.
      - Advantages
        
        Easy and quick to carry out.
      - Disadvantages
        
        Data may be biased; could lead to an overestimate of biodiversity
    - - How to do it any why is it important.
        
        Separating the population into the strata e.g. light and shade areas. Take a random sample from each of these strata proportional to its size.
      - The population is divided into strata (sub-groups) based on particular characteristics e.g. males and females, light and shade. A random sample of the strata proportional to size is then taken.
      - Advantages
        
        Ensures all areas of habitat are sampled, species not under-represented.
      - Disadvantages
        
        Possibility of
        over-representation
    - - e.g. used to study how plant species change as you move inland from the sea. Line transect involved marking one line along the ground with two poles and identifying the organisms that touch the line at specific points. Belt transect provides more information; two parallel lines are marked and samples are taken of the area between the two lines at specific points e.g. with a quadrat.
      - Different areas within an overall habitat are identified, and then sampled separately at specific points e.g. every 1m.
      - Advantages
        
        Useful when habitat shows gradient in an environmental factor.
        
        Only species on the line or belt sampled, underestimate of biodiversity.
  - - - The selection process may be biased and could lead to an overestimate of measurements. This may be by accident, or may occur deliberately e.g. you may choose to sample a particular area that has more flowers because it looks interesting. Can be reduced using random sampling, where human involvement in choosing the sample is removed.
    - - The organisms selected may, by chance, not be representative of the whole population e.g. a sample of five worms collected in a trap may be the five longest in the habitat. Chance can never be completely removed from the process, but its effect can be minimised by using a large sample size; the greater the number of individuals the lower the probability.
- - - - The environment in which different populations live
    - - A group of similar organisms able to reproduce to give fertile offspring.
    - - May different populations living and interacting with one another in an ecosystem.
    - - An area in which all the living organisms and non living factors form a stable relationship.
    - - The variety of genes, species and habitats
    - - The number of different habitats found within an area.
    - - The number of different species and the abundance within each species within an area.
    - - The variety of alllels within a species or a population of a species.
  - - - Not necessarily a concern in extreme areas such as the Artic and Antarctic.
      - Have a low biodiversity due to loss of species is for concern. Ecosystems that rely on interdependence of organisms to maintain stability, the lost of keystone species can be serious and may have irreversible changes.
      - By having ecosystem disruption, it can cause a significant impact on humans.
- - - - Thermometer/ °C
    - - Light Probe/lx
    - - pH probe/ pH
    - - Dissolves Oxygen Probe/ mgdm-3
    - - Anemometer / ms-1