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Unit 1 - Coggle Diagram
Unit 1
Unit 1 Topic 1
Cells
Hierarchal Structure of an organism
Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organism
always group together based on a similar function
Specialization and Differentiation
Cells become specialized by differentiating
Occurs during embryonic stage
Timeline:
Day 5; Blastocyst forms
Fertilization
Week 3-8 Differentiation occurs
Stem cells
Adult
Limited differentiation capabilities
Cannot replicate
Embryonic
Unlimited differentiation capabilities
Replicated indefinitely
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic Cells
Defined as prokaryotes
usually composes unicellular organisms
Features:
Nucleiod
Cell wall
Simple DNA structure
Large SA
Eukaryotic Cells
Defined as Eukaryotes
Usually composes multicellular organisms
Features
Chloroplast
Structure
Stacks of thylacoids
Function
Site of Photosynthesis
Mitochondria
Structure
Outer membrane
Simple fold
Inner membrane
Function
Energy Production
Nucleus
Function
To house the genetic material of the cell
Structure
Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear pores
DNA in chromatin form
Vacuole
Structure
Large fluid filled space surrounded by a membrane
Function
storage
maintains osmatic balance
Golgi Body
Structure
Simple Membrane sacks
membrane enclosed parcels
Function
Packaging and secretion or proteins and carbohydrates that are waste
Endoplasmic reticulum and Ribosomes
Structure
Continuous series of membranes that run between the nuclear membrane and the cell membrane
Function
Transportation of materials
protein synthesis
Lipids
Lysosome
Structure
Golf ball, dog toy
Function
Digesting and breaking down waste
Cell Membrane
Active and passive transport
Active
Primary Active
Moves ions across a membrane to create a different charge
Utlises ATP
Secondary Active
Movement of a material using the energy of the electrochemical gradient
Doesn't require ATP
Passive
Does not require energy
Involves a substance moving down the concentration gradient
Osmosis
Transportation of water
tonicity impacts the flow of water into and out of a cell
The Membrane
Semipermeable layer between cell and surrounding
Features
Phospholipids
Function
form the phospholipid bilayer
Structure
Hydrophobic tale
Hydrophilic head
Protein Channels
Function
Facilitates the transportation of substances
Cholesterol
Function
Facilitates cell signaling
Glycoproteins
Function
Assists the cell communicate with other cells
SA:V ratio
Smaller SA:V ratio the better
Used to study the exchange of materials
Enzyme and Internal Membrane
Enzymes
Proteins that catalyze a reaction
Process
Enzymes rearrange the molecules by binding to them
Do not partake the reaction
Continues to catalyze future reactions
Components
Substrates
Chemical reactants
Active Site
Where the substrate binds
Substrate complex
A temporary molecule formed when the substrate binds to the active site
Products
The substate formed at the end of a reaction
Enzyme reaction Pathways
Catabolic
One larger substance splits to form two smaller products
2=1+1
Modification
Enzymes change the structure, forming a totally new substance
1=3
Anabolic
When two smaller substances join to create a larger product
1+1=2
Enzyme Model theories
Lock and Key
Old theory
The active site is a perfect match for the enzyme
Induced Fit
newer theory
The active site molds itself around the enzyme
Unit 1 Topic 2
Energy and Metabolism
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O
Occurs in 2 stages
Light dependent
Makes ATP and NADPH
occurs in thylakoids
converts light to chemical energy
Light Independent
Light dependent products convert CO2 into glucose
Aerobic Cellular respiration
Involves oxygen
The process of breaking down organic molecules to harvest chemical energy
Stages
Krebs cycle
Occurs within the Mitochondria
Many reactions occur
doesn't require oxygen
Electron transport chain
NADH and FADH2 create more energy (atp)
occurs in the mitochondria
Glycosis
Occurs in the cytoplasm
converts glucose to pryuvate, Nadh and ATP
Formula: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP
Anaerobic Cellular respiration
Stages
Glycosis
Converts glucose to pyruvate
Fermentation
enzyme is released that catalyzes lactic acid and NADH to create NAD+
Formula:
Gas and Nutrient Exchange
Gas Exchange and Transport
Gas exchange is the process of swapping gasses from the blood
Oxygen is exchanged into the blood
CO2 is exchanged out of the blood
Gas exchange in lungs
Lungs must inhale
Gas exchange occurs in the Alveoli in the lungs
Alveoli is thin (faster diffusion)
Alveoli triggers diffusion of both gases
Moist surface to dissolve gasses to pass through membrane
The air inhaled by human has a higher oxygen concentration that the Alveoli, so it diffuses through the Alveoli into the capillaries
There is a higher concentration of carbon in the body, therefore it diffuses out of the capillaries, through the Alveoli and is exhaled
Gas exchange in Gills
Must be highly efficient (70-80%)
Blood flows through gill arches (which have a large SA) and these absorb the oxygen
Very thin for faster diffusion
Oxygen concentration is lower in the fish, therefore, the gas diffuses through the gills into the capillaries where it is absorbed
Carbon concentration is lower in the water so the gas diffuses out of the fishes blood stream into the water
Exchanging Nutrients
Forms of Digestion
Chemical digestion (enzymes)
Mechanical Digestion (chewing)
Stages
Ingestion (food is consumed)
Absorption (absorbed into the blood stream through the small intestine) (excess water is absorbed by the large intestine)
Small intestine
Only absorbs small, soluble substances
Adaptations
Small wall (one cell thick) shortens the diffusion distance
Lined with circular folds (increases SA)
Villi containing capillaries (maintains blood flow)
Absorbs food through the blood stream
Location of chemical digestion
Steps
Nutrients enter the small intestine, triggering the release of two hormones (cholecystokinin) and (secretin)
The release of cholecystokinin causes enzymes to enter the small intestine from the pancreatic duct
The release of secretin causes bicarbonate to also be released from the pancreas into the small intestine to neutralize acids in the stomach
Produces waste including ammonia, urea, and uric acid.
Egestion (unconsumed food is excreted)
Exchanging waste
Nitrogenous waste is produced through the breakdown of proteins (leftover nitrogen that has no purpose in the body)
Ammonia
Toxic to cells
The first type of nitrogenous waste produced
Highly soluble in water (aquatic animals dilute ammonia and excrete it)
Humans/Birds/Reptiles convert ammonia into less toxic forms (storage purposes)
Urea
Humans store it as urine
Bird excrete it in their feces
Uric Acid
Requires more energy that conversion to Urea
The Mammals Kidney
Role: to excrete waste, filters blood and produces urine
Blood enters via renal artery, leaves via renal vein
Acts as a pool filter for blood
Performed by the Nephron
Filtration
Separates water, salts and glucose from the blood
Reabsorption
Salts, glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed into the blood through active transport
water is reabsorbed through passive transport
Performed multiple times to fully filter the useful materials from the substrate
Secretion
the leftover substrate (urine) is gathered into the collecting duct