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Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Glucose metabolism
Glycolysis
Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.
ATP release: Glycolysis produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules through substrate-level phosphorylation
Breakdown of pyruvate
Pyruvate enters the mitochondria, where it undergoes further processing
.
Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) in the process.
Citric acid cycle
Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, which takes place in the mitochondria.
Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, starting a series of enzymatic reactions.
During the cycle, carbon dioxide (CO2) is released as a byproduct, and energy-rich molecules such as NADH and FADH2 are generated.
Oxidative phosphorylation
NADH and FADH2, generated in previous steps, donate their electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
As electrons pass through the ETC, their energy is used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane, creating a proton gradient.
ATP synthase utilizes this proton gradient to produce ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation.
The final electron acceptor in the ETC is oxygen (O2), which combines with protons to form water (H2O).
Connections Among, Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Metabolism
Energy conversion
Carbohydrate metabolism plays a central role in energy metabolism as glucose is a primary fuel source for cells.
During times of low glucose availability, the body can convert other molecules, such as proteins and fats, into glucose through processes like gluconeogenesis.
This interconversion allows the body to maintain energy balance and provide glucose for vital functions.
Substrate Utilization
Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism are interconnected in terms of substrate utilization.
In the absence of sufficient carbohydrates, the body can break down fats and proteins to produce energy.
When carbohydrates are readily available, they are preferentially used for energy, while fats and proteins are spared.
ATP Synthesis
Carbohydrates are essential for protein synthesis through the process of glycosylation.
Glycosylation involves attaching carbohydrate chains to proteins, which is important for their structure, stability, and function.
Adequate carbohydrate availability ensures proper protein synthesis and function.
Anaerobic Respiration and
Fermentation
Produce ATP only via substrate-level phosphorylation
Use substance other than O2 as final electron acceptor in electron transport chain
Fermentation
breakdown of organic molecules without net oxidation
Production of lactic acid
Production of ethanol