Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Resource Management - Coggle Diagram

- - - - China, India & US are biggest water consumers
      - Water pp is 3x higher in US than other 2
      - Very little water is used in Central Africa
- - - - Poor harvests and prices
      - Greater availability
      - Cheaper sometimes
      - Want seasonal food all year round (fruit)
      - Want greater choice and exotic foods
    - - Smaller food miles, smaller carbon footprint
      - To not have massive fuel miles and use things here is greenhouses have to be heated, also meaning there is an underdupply of energy
      - If a item is carried on an efficient vehicle, it is sometimes smaller than the greenhouses
    - - Jobs created in production, farming and transport
      - Wages lead to taxes which lead to more infrastructure
      - Less land for local food
      - Crops require a lot of water
      - Sometimes exposed to chemicals like pesticides
    - - Long haul air - 1.179 kg CO2/km
      - Short haul air 0.733 kg CO2/km
      - Road 0.41 kg CO2/km
      - Rail - 0.027 kg CO2/km
      - 0.038 kg CO2/km
  - - - Flushing toilets 30%
      - Personal baths & taps 21%
      - Personal showers 12%
    - - Water surplus - There is more water than demanded; possibly high rainfall, lower evap rates and possible reservoir sites
      - Water Deficit - Demand exceeds supply densely populated with low level of rainfall
    - - Partially clean water such as rainwater than has not been purified for drinking but can be used for other purposes such as watering a garden
    - - One of the most expensive engineering projects to do
      - Uses rivers and pipes
      - Water transfer is transferring water from the area of surplus to those of deficit
    - - Why is it unclean?
        
        Chemical pesticides, untreated waste, runoff from roads, pollution
      - What it does
        
        Poison wildlife, poison our drinking water, increased growth of algae and bacteria, increased temp, jobs that rely on water are diminished
      - Managed
        
        Legislation, campaigns, treatment, new infrastructure to deal with it, ie pollution traps, green roofs and green walls
  - - - Going down
      - More efficient in production & consumption
      - Households use 12% less energy than 70s
      - Industry use 70% less than 70s
      - Offset by 50% rise in transport due to increase in cars (23 mil now/10 mil in 70s)
      - Energy efficiency will offset pop growth so same energy for 2017 po[ & 2030 pop
    - - Coal 31%
      - 19% Nuclear
      - 25% Gas
      - Renewables 22%
      - Other 3%
    - - Fossil Fuels
        
        Challenges
        
        Much remaining coal isn't cost effective
        
        Opportunities
        
        Money & Jobs
      - Nuclear
        
        Challenges
        
        Cost to build power stations is big
        
        Nuclear Waste transport & storage
        
        Expensive to decommission
        
        Opportunities
        
        Creates jobs in RnD
        
        Investment is high but low running cost
      - Renewables
        
        Challenges
        
        High set up cost
        
        Low Profit
        
        Visual environment impacts
        
        Opportunities
        
        Jobs
    - - Fossil Fuels
        
        Challenges
        
        Greenhouse gases
        
        Waste heaps
        
        Damages wildlife
        
        Fracking
        
        Opportunities
        
        Carbon Capture
      - Nuclear
        
        Challenges
        
        Environment damaged in accidents
        
        Nuclear waste
        
        Opportunities
        
        Cleaner
        
        Less pollution
      - Renewables
        
        Challenges
        
        Wind turbines affect bird patterns
        
        Offshore wind turbines mess with turbines
        
        Wind turbines are loud & ugly
        
        Opportunities
        
        Lower emission costs
        
        Wind turbine land can be multi purposed
        
        Offshore can create artificial reefs
- - - - Taking too much water out of porous rock, compromising the structural
    - - How much water can get to people even if there is enough
  - - - Washes disease downstream
- - - - Redirecting water from South of China to North
      - Needed because water deficit in the North
      - Specifically from the Yangtze River and the Yellow River Basin
      - Aims for 44.8 billion cubic metres of water per year
      - Canals, bridges through rural and urban settings
      - $62 billion dollars, should
      - South of Yangtze river is 37% landmass but 81% of freshwater
      - North is 63% of landmass but 19% of freshwater
    - - Stops abstraction, extracting water from the water table making the ground unstable
      - Helps cope with climate change, water pollution and droughts
    - - $62 billion
      - 330,000 people relocated
      - Recent droughts in the South
      - Water pollution problems
      - Doesn't address problem of efficiency and conservation
      - Education programmes (260) that raise awareness of water cleanliness and conservation on cost $2 billion
  - - - 160km south of Addis
      - Varying elevation below 1900m - 2,200m above sea level
      - 70% of the projects users live around 2,200m
      - Gravity based, takes water from 4000m in the mountain down
      - 140km of pipe
      - 122 public water points & 143 private connections
      - 27,000 people with 25 litres of water a day
      - 32 separate communities and 3 small towns
      - Cost was just over $1m. Covered by local community (17%), Ethiopian Red Cross (4%), ODA (255), Water Aid (54%)
    - - Well designed
      - Community managed
      - Built by community members
      - Money is well managed and the people trust it
      - Helped establish new businesses
    - - Initial community mobilisation was under resourced and under staffed
      - Community wasn't originally on board
      - Pipeline was from UK, may be too costly to repair in 30 years and will need to be replaced
      - Hygiene education has been minimal for staff
      - People and livestock both use it which has led to disputes
      - Some people weren't happy with the tariff
      - Original project was designed for a smaller amount than are currently using it, needs to be expanded in 10 years