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Bad Blood, to - Coggle Diagram

- - - - IL3
      - GM-CSF
      - G-CSF
    - - promyelocyte
      - myelocyte
      - myeloblast
      - metamyelocyte
      - band cell
      - mature neutrophil
  - - - promyelocyte
      - early myelocyte
      - myeloblast
      - metamyelocyte
      - band stage
      - mature basophil/eosinophil
      - late myelocyte
  - - - VDJ of heavy chain is rearranged
    - - VJ of light chain is rearranged
- - - - Replace most of bone marrow
      - Enter peripheral blood
      - Metastisize
  - - - Morphologically mature
      - Functionally incompetent
- - - - Characterized by the presence of Reed Sternberg Cells.
      - Symptoms: Lymphadenopathy, Splenomegaly.
      - Affects Cervical, Supraclavicular and Mediastinal lymph nodes.
      - Staging
    - - Caused by: t(14;18) translocation affecting immunoglobulin
        heavy chain (IgH) and BCL2 genes
        
        This results in overexpression of the BCL2 gene, whose product, Bcl-2 protein, has antiapoptotic effects.
      - The slowly proliferating cells of follicular lymphoma are difficult to eradicate fully using chemo therapy
    - - Caused by translocation involving the
        MYC gene on chromosome 8 and IgH gene on chromosome 14
      - Endemic forms in some areas of Africa (associated with EBV infection;
        Mandible and maxilla typically involved)
- - - - due to
        
        thrombocytopenia
    - - due to
        
        increase cell production
    - - due to
        
        leukopenia
    - - due to
        
        lymphadenopathy
    - - due to
        
        Anemia
    - - due to
        
        hepatosplenomegaly
- - - - MT destabalizer
    - - break the DNA and inhibit topoisomerase 2
    - - alkalizing agent
    - - breaks the asparagines
  - - - imatinib
      - dasatinib,nilotinib,bosutinib
      - ponatinib
- - - - Burkitt Lymphoma
        
        MYC gene
        
        stimulates cell growth , metabolism
        
        T(8,14)
      - B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
        
        Translocation t(12,21) , t(9,22)
      - Chronic myeloid leukemia
        
        Philadelphia chromosome
        
        BCR-ABL
        
        T(9,22)
      - Mantle cell lymphoma
        
        Upregulation of BCL1 gene
        Stimulation of cell growth
        
        T(11,14)
  - - - Patient with Myelodysplastic Syndrome
        
        A part the long arm (q) of chromosome 5 is missing
    - - identify novel and rare cancer mutations, detect familial cancer mutation carriers, and provide targeted therapy
    - - 2 pairs of dots of the same color
        
        If there is a combination Red/Green, the translocation is present.
        
        Abnormal
        
        normal
- - - - To detect enlarged lymph nodes or organs and abnormalities
    - - Determine whether leukemia cells have affected the bones or organs such as the kidneys, the brain, or the lymph nodes.
  - - - MDS with 5q
      - Inversion with AML inv(3)
    - - In CML there is a translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22 = t(9;22), it will detect BCR/ABL1 gene arragment
  - - - CBC, etc
    - - to check for the size of the cells,nulceus to the cytoplasm ratio, and the presence of specific features(auer rodes)
    - - if there is disease cells in bone marrow
        
        do lumbar puncture
        
        check if there is any metastasis to the CNS
- - - - acute monocytic
      - acute megakaryocytic
      - acute promyelocytic leukmeia
    - - it will depend on age, subtype and other factors
    - - mutations in the genes
        
        leads to proliferation of myeloblasts
    - - blood disorders
      - family history
      - previous chemotherapy
  - - - BCR-ABL gene
        
        lead to formation of active tyrosine kinase
        
        increased proliferation of myeloblasts
        
        decrease the number of other blood cells
    - - accelerated
        
        10-19% blasts
      - blast
        
        more than 20% blasts
      - chronic
        
        less than 10% blasts
    - - translocation between chromosome 9 and 22
        
        BCR-ABL gene
    - - most of patients have a normal life expectancy
- - - - for example due to
        
        dehydration
    - - like
        
        Thiazide diuretics
        
        Aspirin
    - - red meat
      - sellfish