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attachment
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Romanian orphan
studying the effects of deprivation. as well as effects of institutional care and the consequent institutionalisation in Romania in the 1990s.
Rutter- followed a group of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain to test to what extent good care could make up for poor early experiences in institutions. Physical, cognitive and emotional development has been assessed at ages 4,6,11 and 15 years
findings- when they were adopted and arrived in the uk they showed signs of delayed intellectual development and the majority were severely undernourished. If they were adopted after 6 months showed signs of disinhibited attachment (attention seeking, clinginess). Children adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.
effects of institutionalisation- disinhibited= effect of spending a long time in an institution, treat strangers and people they know the same, show no stranger anxiety. Mental retardation= damage to intellectual development as a result of institutionalisation, can be recovered provided adoption takes place before 6 months old
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schaffers stages- aimed to investigate the formation of early attachment of a particular age at which they developed, their emotional intensity and to whom they were with.
babies observed in their home every month for the first year and again at 18 months, the mothers were asked questions about what the baby shower in everyday separation (separation anxiety). Between 25 and 32 weeks the babies showed signs of separation anxiety towards a particular adult
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found stages of the bay developing- stage 1= asocial stage (first few weeks the bay behaviour is the same to non human and human objects), stage 2= indiscriminate attachment (2-7 months shows more observable social behaviour). stage 3= specific attachment (around 7 months, start to display stranger anxiety and separation anxiety from the primary caregiver), stage 4= multiple attachments (extend to having multiple attachments)
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animal studies
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Harlow- rhesus monkeys, similar to humans
the importance of contact comfort- he raised 16 monkeys with 2 model mothers, one dispensed milk by the plain wire and the other dispensed milk from a cloth covered mother. the monkeys cuddled to the soft object unlike the wired which they were frightened of. shows contact comfort is more important than food.
maternally deprived monkeys as adults- the monkey with the wired mum were dysfunctional however the soft mum monkeys also did not develop normal social behaviours.
monkeys meet the wire and cloth mother in the critical period so attachment can form. after this time attachment was impossible.
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cultural variations
Van Uzendoorn- looked at the proportions of secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant attachments across a range of countries. also looked at differences within countries to get an idea of variation within a culture. looked at the strange situation in different countries. In all countries secure attachment was most common however the proportion varied (75% in Britain and 50% in China). Insecure-resistant was overall least common (3% in Britain and 30% in Israel).
role of the father- the caregivers role in attachment and the development of an infant is different to the mothers as theyre role is more to do with play and stimulation rather than nurturing
critical period- the first 30 months of life for psychology development. if a child is separated from their mother in the absence of suitable substitute care and so deprived of her emotional care causes psychological damage.