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Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - H2CO3
        
        HCO3- + H+
- - - - Nasopharynx
        
        passes air only
        
        lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
      - Oropharynx
        
        pass air, food, drink,
        
        lined by stratified squamous spithelium
      - Laryngopharynx
      - Muscles of Pharynx assist in speech and swallowing
    - - aka
        
        Voice Box
      - Cartilaginous chamber about 4 cm long
      - Primary Function
        
        keep food and drink out of airway
        
        in many animals, it then evolved additional role of phonation
      - Epiglottis
        
        flap of tissue guarding superior opening of larynx
        
        at rest, stands almost vertically
        
        during swallowing, extrinsic muscles pull larynx upward, toungue pushes epiglottis down to meet it -> closing airway to direct food to esophagus behind it.
        
        larynx connected to hyoid bone using superior extrinsic muscles
      - Glottis
        
        vocal cords and opening between them
        
        operated by
        
        Deep Intrinsic muscles
    - - Functions:
        
        Warms, cleanses, humidifies inhaled air
        
        detects odors
        
        serves as resonating chamber to amplify voice
      - Chamber behind vestibule occupied by 3 fold of tissue:
        
        Nasal Conchae (Turbinates)
        
        Superior Nasal Concha
        
        Middle Nasal Concha
        
        Inferior Nasal Concha
        
        project from lateral walls toward septum
        
        Meatus
        
        narrow air passage beneath each concha
        
        cleans, warms, moistens air
      - Nasal Mucosa
        
        Respiratory epithelium
        
        most of mucosa
        
        Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
        
        Goblet Cells produce mucus
        
        Cilia are motile
        
        propel mucus posteriorly toward pharynx
        
        swallowed into digestive tract
        
        Olfactory epithelium
        
        Sensory - detects odors
        
        Immobile cilia bind odorant molecules
        
        only covers small area of roof of nasal fossa and adjacent parts of septum and superior conch
  - - - branching system of airtubes in each lung
        
        main bronchus leads to 65k terminal bronchioles
      - Main (Primary) Bronchi
        
        Right Main bronchus
        
        wider and more verticle than left, 3-4 cm long
        
        foreign objects lodge in this right main bronchus more than left
        
        Left Main bronchus
        
        about 5 cm long
      - all bronchi lined with ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium
        
        cells grow shorter and epithelium thinner as we progress distally
        
        Lamina propria
        
        abundance of mucous glands and lymphocyte nodules
      - all divisions of brochial tree have large amount of elastic connective tissue which contributes to recoil that expels air from lungs
      - Mucosa has well-developed layer of smooth muscle
      - Pulmonary artery branches closely follow bronchial tree on their way to alveoli
      - Bronchial artery services bronchial tree with systemic blood
      - Bronchioles
        
        1 mm or less diameter
        
        pulmonary lobule: portion of lung ventilated by one bronchiole
        
        have ciliated cuboidal eopitehlium
        
        divides into 50-80
        
        Terminal Bronchioles
        
        final branches of conducting zone
        
        .5 mm or less diameter
        
        no mucous glands or goblet cells
        
        have cilia that move mucus draining into them back by mucociliary escalator
        
        each terminal bronchiole gives off 2 or more smaller
        
        Respiratory Bronchioles
        
        alveoli budding from walls
        
        considered beginning of respiratory zone since alveoli participate in gas ecxchange
        
        divide into 2-10 alveolar ducts
        
        1 more item...
        
        Alveoli
        
        5 more items...
    - - air stops at millions of thin-walled microscopic air sacs called
        
        Alveoli
      - Base
        
        broad concave portion resting on diaphragm
      - Apex
        
        tip that projects just above clavicle
      - Costal Surface
        
        pressed against ribcage
      - Mediastinal Surface
        
        faces medially towards heart
      - Hilum
        
        slit from which lung gets main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves
      - Left Lung
        
        Taller + Narrower because heart
        
        Cardiac impression (identation
        
        2 Lobes
        
        Superior, Infeirior
        
        spereated by single oblique fissure
      - Right Lung
        
        shorter because liver rises higher
        
        3 lobes:
        
        Superior, Middle, Inferior
        
        seperated by
        
        Horizontal and Oblique fissure
      - The Pleurae
        
        Visceral Pleura
        
        Serous Membrane that covers lungs
        
        Parietal Pleura
        
        Adheres to mediastinum, inner furcae of rib cafe, superior sirface of diaphragm
        
        Pleural Cavity
        
        potential space between pleurae, normally no toom between membranes but contains a film of slippery pleural fluid
    - - aka
        
        windpipe
        
        rigid tube, 4.5 inches long and 1 inch diameter
        
        anterior to esophagus
      - 16-20 C-shaped rings of Hyaline Cartilage
        
        reinforce trachea and prevent collapse during inhalation
        
        C-shape opening faces posterior to allow esophagus to expand
        
        Trachealis muscle spans opening in rings
      - lined by Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
        
        Mucus-secreting cells, ciliated cells, stem cells
        
        Mucociliary Escalator
        
        Mechanism for debris removal
        
        Mucus traps inhaled particles
        
        Upward beating cilia moves mucus to pharynx to be swallowed
      - Middle Tracheal Layer
        
        connective tissue beneath tracheal epithelium which contains lymphatic nodules, mucous and serous glands, tracheal cartilages
      - Adventitia
        
        Outermost layer of trachea
        
        fibrous connective tissue that blend into adventitia of other organs of mediastinum
      - Right/Left Main Bronchi
        
        Trachea forks at level of sternal angle
        
        Carina
        
        Internal medial ridge in lowermost tracheal cartilage
        
        directs airflow to right and left
      - Tracheotomy
        
        making a temporary opening in trachea and inserting tube to allow airflow
        
        permanent opening is
        
        Tracheostomy
        
        prevents asphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction
        
        Potential problems:
        
        inhaled air bypasses nasal cavity and is hot humidified
        
        left for long, it will dry out mucous membranes
        
        become encrusted and interfere with clearance of mucus from tract, thereby promoting infection
      - Intubation
        
        Patient on ventilator, air introduced directly into trachea
        
        must be filtered and humidifed