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Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Immune System
not organ system, but cell population that inhabits all organs and defends body from agents of disease
the true organ system is the:
Lymphatic System
Functions
Fluid Recovery
fluid continually filters from blood capillaries into tissue spaces, and 15% (2-4 L/day) of water and half of plasma proteins enter lymphatic system and then returned to blood
Immunity
excess filtered fluid picks up foreign cells and chemicals from tissues
passes thru lymph nodes where immune cells stand guard against foreign matter
activates protective immune response
Lipid Absorption
Lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids that aren't absorbed by blood capillaries
Lymph
clear, colorless fluid, similar to plasma (but much less protein)
starts off as extracellular fluid drawn into lymphatic capillaries
Chemical composition varies in different places
Lymphatic Vessels
11 Lymphatic Trunks
Subclavian
Bronchomediastinal
Intercostal
Intestinal (unpaired)
Lumbar
Jugular
2 Collecting Ducts
Right Lymphatic Duct
recieves lymph from right arm, right side of head and throrax, spmties into right subclavian vein
Thoracic Duct
larger + longer, begins as sac in abdomen called
Cisterna Chyli
recievices lymph below diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck, thorax, empties into left subclavian vein
Lymph Nodes
~450 in you adult
Functions
Cleanse the Lymph
Act as site of T and B cell activation
Enclosed with fibrous capsule with trabecular dividing into compartments. Hilum (depression in bean shape)
Types
Cervical Lymph Nodes
Moniter lymph from head/neck
Deep and Superficial group in neck
Axillary Lymph Nodes
Concentrated in armpit
receive lymph from upper limb and female breast
Thoracic Lymph Nodes
especially embeddes in mediastinum
Recieve lymph from mediastinum, lungs, airway
Abdominal Lymph Nodes
posterior abdominopelvic wall
moniter lymph from urinary and reproductive wall
Intestinal and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes
Found in mesenteries next to appendix,
monitor lymph from disgestive tract
Inguinal Lymph Nodes
in groin
receive from legs
Popliteal Lymph Nodes
Behind knee
Recieve lymph from foot and leg proper
When a Lymph Node is under challenge by antigen
Lymphadenitis
swollen, painful node responding to foreign antigen
Lymphadenopathy
collective term for all lymph node diseases
Metastatis
metastasizing cells (cancerous cells) easily enter lymphatic vessels
lodge in first lymph node they find, multiple, destroy it
spread to next node downstream
treatment of breast cancer is lumpectomy, mastectomy, along with removal of nearby axillary nodes
Tonsils
patches of lymphatic tissue located at entrance to pharynx
guard against ingested of inhaled pathogens
covered with epitheliem
deep pits: tonsillar crypts lined with lymphatic nodules
Tonsilitis
Tonsillectomy
Spleen
largest lymphatic organ
Parenchyma exhibits 2 types of tissue
Red pulp
sinuses filled with erythrocytes
White pulp
lymphocytes, macrophages surronding small branches of splenic artery
Functions:
Healthy RBCs come and go
Old fragile RBCs come to die
Blood cells produced while as fetus
White Pulp monitors blood for foreign antigens and keeps army of monocytes for release when needed
Stabilizes blood volume thru plasma transfers to lymphatic system
highly vascular and vulnerable to trauma and infection
agents capable of producing disease
Pathogens
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
3 Lines of defence:
1st. Skin + Mucous Membranes
Innate Immunity
local, nonspecific, lacks memory
Protective Proteins
Protective Cells
Protective processes
Inflammation
local defensive response to tissue injury including trauma and infection
4 Cardinal Signs
Redness
Swelling (edema)
due to increased fluid filtration from capillaries
Heat
results from
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Pain
from direct injury to nerve, pressure on nerves from edema, stimulation of pain receptors
3 major processes of inflammation
mobilization of body defences
containment and destruction of pathogens
tissue cleanup and repair
Skin
makes it mechanically difficult for microorganisms to enter body
toughness of keratin
too dry and nutrient poor for microbial growth
Acid Mantle
thin film of lactic and fatty acids from sweat and sebum that inhibits bacterial growth
Demicidin, defensins, cathelidins
peptides in skin that kill microbes
Mucous Membranes
digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts (open to exterior)
Mucus physically traps microbes
Lysozyme
enzyme destroys bacterial cell walls
Subepithelial Areolar Tissue
Viscous Barrier of hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronidase
enzyme used by pathogens to make hyaluronic acid less viscous
2nd. Several Innate defence mechanisms
Leukocytes, Macrophages, Antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells, inflammation, fever
Phagocytes
Cells that engulf foreign matter
Leukocytes
White Blood Cells
Agranulocytes
Monocytes
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Lymphocytes
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various kinds of specific granules that stain and distinguish cell type
Granulocytes
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5,000 to 10,000 WBCs/µL
more abundant in the body than bloodstream, which is where they 'work'
Antimicrobial Proteins
inhibit microbial reproduction and provide short term, innate immunity
2 families
Interferons
secreted by certain cells infected by viruses
does not benefit the cell that secretes, but just to alert its neighbors, to whose surface receptors it binds to, tricggering second-messenger system
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promoted by
Fever
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Complement System
group of 30 or more globular proteins that make powerful contributions to both innate and adaptive immunity
synthezied mainly by liver, circulate blood in inactive form, activated by presence of pathogen
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3rd. Adaptive Immunity
Defeats pathogen and leaves body with a memory or it so it can be defeated faster in future
