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Pests - Coggle Diagram
Pests
Biological control methods
¡
Releasing
biological
enemies
(bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, parasitoids, predators) for pest insects (e.g. parasitic wasps, ladybirds, âŚ)
¡
Protecting
the natural
enemies
(by âhabitat managementâ)
¡ Transgenic
crops
(
Bt
toxins)
Bacillus thuringiensis
¡
Sterile males
technique (e.g. tsetse fly)
¡ Transgenic insect techniques (
RIDL
trials with mosquitoes)
RIDL: Release of Insects carrying a Dominant Lethal
RNAi
natural
bioproducts
for insect control
Chemical Control Methods
chlorinated hydrocarbons đ§
Cyclodienes â GABA receptors (Cl-) (LGIC)
Organophosphates â Acetylcholinesterase
Carbamates â Acetylcholinesterase
Pyrethroids (
Pyrethrum
) â Na+ channels
Neonicotinoids nicotinic â acetylcholine receptors (LGIC)
Formamidines â Phenolamine receptors (GPCR)
DDT (forbidden) â Na+ channels
dp coc neuf
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs)
Agonists or antagonists of the classic insect hormones:
Methoprene, Fenoxycarb (
JH
)
âRH compoundsâ (Rohm & Haas) (non-steroidal
20E
agonists)
also antagonists
Benzoylphenylureas: interfere with the synthesis of
chitin
Behavioral effectors
e.g. âpheromone trapsâ; repulsive substances; anti-feedants
One thing to keep in mind
Detoxification :droplet:
important category of metabolizing enzymes
Cytochrome P450 enzymes
major sites of cyp gene expression: Malpighian tubules, midgut, and fat body
e.g.
Metabolism of nicotine as toxic compound in
Manduca sexta
larvae
Induction of Cyp and increased rate of nicotine metabolism
Nicotine is metabolized by the Cyp to
cotinine-N-oxide
in
midgut
cells, which enters the hemolymph and is actively transported by the MT (excretion).
important category of (broad-spectrum) organic solute transporters
ABC transporters
(MDR and MRP families)
What are the two types of control methods for insect pests?