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memory - Coggle Diagram
memory
multi-store model
Atkinson and Shiffrin- describes how information flows through the memory system. the model suggests that memory is made up of three stores linked by processing.
sensory register- a stimulus from the environment will pass into the sensory register along with lots of other sights, sounds, smells and so on. it several stores, one for each 5 senses. the main 2 stores are iconic memory (visual information is coded visually) and echoic memory (sound information is coded acoustically).
high capacity, short duration
STM- limited capacity store because it can only contain a certain amount before forgetting. maintenance rehearsal- repeat material to ourselves over and over, repeating STm information can then pass it on to LTM.
LTM- potentially permanent memory store for information that has been rehearsed for a long time. capacity= unlimited, duration= forever**
long term memory
Tulving (1985) realised that the multi-store models view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible. proposed that there are 3 LTM stores, containing different types of information (episodic, semantic, procedural)
episodic memory- our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives. complex memories, time stamped, have to make conscious effect to recall
semantic memory- contains our knowledge of the world, facts, not time stamped and dont usually remember when we learnt it and is less personal
procedural memory- memory for actions or skills, how we do things. recall without consciousness or lots of effort, hard to explain to someone else
coding, capacity and duration
coding- memory stored in different formats depending on the memory store. coding is the process of converting information from one form to another
Baddeley- gave lots of different words to 4 different groups of participants to remember (acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar, semantically dissimilar). participants asked to repeat words immediately after (STM) and acoustically similar words were worse. when asked to recall after a longer period of time (LTM) they did worse with the semantically similar words.
capacity
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span of memory and chunking- MIller (1956) made observations of everyday practice, he noted that things come in 7s. This suggested that the span/capacity of STM is +/-7. chunking= grouping sets of digits or letters into units or chunks
duration
STM- has a very short duration indeed, unless we repeat something over and over again (verbal rehearsal)
LTM- Bahrick got 392 participants age 17 and 74 to recall the people from their yearbook from photo recognition and free recall from names of theri graduating class . 15 years of graduation recognised 90% and 48 years later they recognised 70% for facial recognition.
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working memory model
explanation of how one aspect of memory (STM) is organised and how it functions. active part of the mind when we temporarily store and manipulate info. 4 main components (central executive, phonological loop, visuo- spatial sketchpad)
central executive- attentional process, monitors incoming data and makes decisions, allocates slave tasks
phonological loop- one of slave system, deal with auditory information, order infomtion arrives
visuo-spatial sketchpad- 2nd slave system , stores visual and spatial information when required. limited capacity, visual cache (stores visual data), inner scribe (records the arrangement of objects in the visual field)
episodic buffer- 3rd slave system, added to the model by Baddeley and temporarily stores information, integrating the visual, spatial and verbal information processed by other stores and maintains a time sequence. records episodes (events).