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Organic Molecules (chapter 3) - Coggle Diagram
Organic Molecules (chapter 3)
Characteristics
abundant in living organisms
contain Carbon
Why Carbon?
4 valence electrons
4 available bonds - polar or nonpolar
have functional groups
Amino group
Carboxyl
Hydoxyl
Methyl
Phosphate
Sulfate
Sulfhydryl
Carbonyl - Ketone & Aldehyde
Isomers
identical molecular formula,
different structures & properties
Two Types
Structural
- same atoms, different bond structures
Stereoisomers
- similar bonds, different spatial positions
Formation
Dehydration/Condensation
- formation of polymers from monomers
Hydrolysis
- breakdown of polymers to monomers
FOUR TYPES
of Organic Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Composition
Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Common functional group: Hydroxyl Group
Bond:
Glycosidic Bond
3 Classifications
Disaccharides
Dimers / two monosaccharides linked together
Common Molecules
Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Maltose (glucose + glucose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Polysaccharides
Polymers / many monossacharides
Two Types
Energy Storage
Starch
Glycogen
Structural
Cellulose (plants)
Chitin (insects, crustaceans, fungi)
Glycosaminoglycans (ECM, cartilage)
Monosaccharides
Common Structures
Ring
Linear
Common No. of Carbons
Pentoses (5)
Ribose
Deoxyribose
Hexoses (6)
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Monomers / simplest sugars
Lipids
Composition
Atoms: mostly Hydrogen & Carbon
Generally nonpolar (water insoluble)
40% of organic matter in humans
Bond:
Ester bond
4 Classifications
Fats
aka Triglycerides
Glycerol & 3 Fatty acids
Types of Fatty Acids
Saturated
all single bonds
high melting point
solid at room temp
Unsaturated
one or more double bonds
low melting point
liquid at room temp
two types
cis fat - natural; healthy
trans fat - artificial; unhealthy
function
energy storage
structural - cushion & insulation
Phospholipids
Glycerol, 2 Fatty Acids, Phosphate group
Amphipathic
Polar / Hydrophilic - Phosphate group
Nonpolar / Hydrophobic - Fatty Acid tails
Steroids
4 Carbon Rings, Hydroxyl group
Water Insoluble
Common Examples
Cholesterol
Estrogen
Testosterone
Waxes
long hydrocarbon chains, carboxyl group
very nonpolar
function
prevent water loss
structural - ex. beeswax
Proteins
Composition
Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and others (notably Sulfur)
Monomers / building blocks -
amino acids
Bond:
Peptide Bond
(carboxyl + amino)
contain Functional Domains (ex. STAT)
20 Amino Acids
Nonpolar
Polar (Uncharged) - Serine, Threonine, Asparagine
Polar (Charged)
Acidic - Aspartic, Glutamic
Basic - Histidine, Lysine, Arginine
Both polar & nonpolar - Tyrosine
Polypeptides - polymers of amino acids
Ends
N-terminus - free amino group
C-terminus - free carboxyl group
Structures
Primary
- amino acid sequence
Secondary
- protein folding (a helices, b pleated sheets, random coils)
Five Factors for Protein Folding & Stability
Hydrogen Bonds
Ionic Bonds & other polar interactions
Hydrophobic effects
Van der Waals forces
Disulfide Bridges
Tertiary
- complex 3D shape; final level for single polypeptide
Quaternary
- multimeric (2 or more polypeptides); functional protein
Protein-protein interaction factors
Hydrogen Bonds
Ionic bonds and other polar interactions
Hydrophobic effects
Van der Waals forces
Nucleic Acids
Composition
Monomers -
nucleotides
Bonds
Phosphodiester Bond
- between nucleotides to form Sugar-Phosphate Backbone
Hydrogen Bonds
- between bases
Phosphate group, Pentose (deoxyribose or ribose), Base (singe/double ring of carbon & nitrogen)
Function
storage
expression
transmission of genetic info
Two Types
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
stores encoded genetic info
2 strands - double helix
1 form
Bases: Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
decodes DNA to form polypeptides
Single strand
Several forms
Bases: Uracil, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine