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Endocrine System: Continuation Pt.2 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System: Continuation Pt.2
Secretions from the pineal gland (in brain, about 1 cm in diameter)
Melatonin: communicates information about environmental lighting to various parts of the body
Has some effect on sleep/awake cycles and other biological events connected to them, such as a lower production of gastric secretions at night.
Serotonin: a neurotransmitter that regulates intestinal movements and affects appetite, mood, sleep, anger, and metabolism
Secretions of the thyroid gland
The thyroid gland plays a vital role in metabolism and regulates the body’s metabolic processes.
Calcitonin: influences bone and calcium metabolism; maintains a homeostasis of calcium in the blood plasma
Thyroxine (T4) and triodothyronine (T3): essential to BMR – basal metabolic rate (the rate at which a person’s body burns calories while at rest); influences physical/mental development and growth
Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 = cretinism, myxedema, Hashimoto’s disease
Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 = Grave’s disease, goiter, Basedow’s disease
Secretions of the parathyroid gland
The two pairs of parathyroid glands are located on the dorsal or back side of the thyroid gland.
They secrete parathyroid (PTH) which plays a role in the metabolism of phosphorus. Too little results in cramping; too much results in osteoporosis or kidney stones
The islets of Langerhans
The islets of Langerhans are small clusters of cells located in the pancreas
Secretions from the islets of Langerhans
Alpha cells facilitate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. This elevates the blood sugar.
Beta cells secrete the hormone insulin, which is essential for the maintenance of normal blood sugar levels. Inadequate levels result in diabetes mellitus.
Delta cells suppress the release of glucagon and insulin.
The adrenal glands
The triangular-shaped adrenal glands are located on the top of each kidney. The inside is called the medulla and the outside layer is called the cortex.
Secretions from the adrenal cortex
Cortisol: regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism; has an anti-inflammatory effect; helps the body cope during times of stress
Hyposecretion results in Addison’s disease; hypersecretion results in Cushing’s disease
Corticosterone: like cortisol, it is a steroid; influences potassium and sodium metabolism
Aldosterone: essential in regulating electrolyte and water balance by promoting sodium and chloride retention and potassium excretion
Androgens: several hormones including testosterone; they promote the development of secondary sex characteristics in the male