Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
FASCISM - Coggle Diagram
FASCISM
3 NAZISM
The aftermath and the consequences of the Treaty of Versailes
impoverished Germany
Deflationary policies also caused social unrest
Both of them were reasons for the creation of
National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)
or Nazi Party
Leader
Adolf Hitler
The NSDAP
grew with the support of unemployed members of the army and civilians
it gradually received
the backing of the middle class
economic aid from the business world
Mein Kampf (‘My struggle’)
explains the Nazi ideology
written by Hitler during his prison sentence
ideology
racist and nationalist totalitarian principles were taken to the extreme
Characteristics
Superiority of the Aryan race
German nation
was exalted by propaganda apparatus, led by Joseph Goebbels
murder of disabled people
to preserve the purity of the Aryan race
Anti-Semitism
Jews were considered enemies of the Aryans
had to be exterminated
Anti-communism
Nazi ideology considered communism and Marxism a Jewish ideology
Germany’s expansion towards the east of Europe
inhabited by Slavs who were considered an inferior race
to achieve Lebensraum or ‘living space
an empire that would guarantee
resources
territory
Revanchism against France
rejection of the Treaty of Versailles
Gestapo
founded in 1936
political police force with full powers
to repress
opponents of Nazism
communists
socialists
liberals
groups considered ‘inferior’ or ‘weak’
Jews
Romani
Jehovah’s Witnesses
homosexuals
people with disabilities
Millions of people died as a result of Nazi repression
in 1923
Munich Putsch
a failed attempt at a coup d’état by the Nazi Party
Hitler
was tried and imprisoned
The Great Depression
immediate impact in Germany
dependence on US credit
collapse of banks and industries
POVERTY
unemployment increased
social tension fuelled the rise of Nazism
in 1933
the president of the Weimar republic (Hindenburg)
appointed Hitler as prime minister
Nazism began to
dismantle the democratic system
impose a dictatorship
in 1934
the Third Reich
Hitler was
president
chancellor
commander of the army
What happened?
intense industrial policy of
rearmament
public works
By the end of the 1930s
economic growth was ending
expansion of the empire
Hitler ordered the occupation of
Austria
Czechoslovakia’s Sudetenland
military intervention in Spain
Hitler claimed many other places throughout Europe
In June
Political terror also spread against the regime’s own supporters
SS(an elite Nazi corps) attacked against
SA (Nazi paramilitary organisation within the National Socialist Movement)
most of its leaders were assassinated
Night of the Long Knives
CHARACTERISTICS OF FASCIST REGIMES
Totalitarianism
People had no rights
Fascist leaders led all-embracing states with personality cults
Irrationalism
Violence
war
anti-intellectualism
strength
the weak were eliminated
it twisted Darwin’s theories of the natural selection of species
Inhumane policies were used to eradicate
people with disabilities
homosexuals
certain races
Social equality
only used to preserve the ‘weak’ at the expense of the rest
opposed to the enlightened values
Radical nationalism
one of the pillars of fascist ideology
nation itself was superior to all others and was indivisible
it denied the existence of class conflicts
national community was more important than leftist or rightist politics
Racism and xenophobia
belief in the division of humanity into superior and inferior races
the superiority of the national culture over others
Anti-communism, anti-liberalism and anti-feminism
Rejection of
the class struggle-> the nation would overcome social conflicts
foreign ideas
the rights of the individual through the power of the totalitarian state
women’s rights
patriarchy as the basis of society
Imperialism and militarism.
Corporate state
society had to be organised in
associations
corporations
such as jobs, family, etc
State-led capitalist economy
private property and capitalist labour and production
the government guided the economy to strengthen the state
autarky (self-sufficient country)
Belligerence against international institutions
Opposed to the League of Nations
Fascists were against peaceful, open and balanced diplomatic relations
4 ANTI-SEMITISM
discrimination against Jews
one of the ideological foundations of the Nazi
Nürnberg Laws approved during the Nazi Party congress in 1935
campaign of propaganda
accusation
in order to make the German people see Jews as an enemy
prohibition of mixed marriages of Germans with Jews
Jew exclusion from government jobs
Jew were removed from their German nationality
Starting in 1939
Jews were required to wear a yellow Star of David on their clothes
as an identification
growing harassment against Jews
THE NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS
In November 1938
Nazi militants and civilian volunteers
assaulted Jewish neighbourhoods
hundreds of murders
destruction of shops and synagogues
Nazi agents
denied their involvement
an act of revenge by the people
for the murder of a Nazi leader by a Polish Jew
ITALIAN FASCISM
Roots
nationalism of the 19th century
it gained strength after WWI
Italians’ deep frustration
DUE TO
lack of attention by the Treaties of Paris in 1919
700,000 dead
1,500,000 wounded
feeling of humiliation
inadequate compensation awarded after the war
post-war economic crisis
intense social response
biennio rosso (1919-1920)
socialists and anarchists created workers’ councils
inspired by the Soviets
bankruptcy of the liberal parliamentary system
no party won the majority
Irrationalism in culture
anti-intellectualism
legitimised the use of violence
in 1921
National Fascist Party (PNF)
founded by Benito Mussolini "Il Duce"
policy of violent attacks against workers throughout the country
to confront the revolutionary demands of the biennio rosso
supported by the wealthy classes and conservatives
in 1922
the Blackshirts
paramilitary militias of the fascist movement
undertook the March on Rome
King Victor Emmanuel III
entrusted Mussolini with the formation of a new government
Mussolini took power
he dismantled democratic institutions to increase
ideological
political
social
control
in 1925
assassination of the socialist deputy Giacomo Matteotti
by the fascist militias
Parliament was dissolved
fascist dictatorship was installed
control of
politics
the economy
social organisations
the media
political repression
Strikes were outlawed
opposition was persecuted in secret
in 1929
The crisis affected Italy
fall in production
increase in unemployment
response of the fascist state
policy of public works
imperialist expansion in Abyssinia (modern-day Ethiopia)
Its conquest was between 1935-1936
was condemned by the League of Nations
1 more item...
propaganda apparatus
spread an image of Italy as a great power
Mussolini’s Italy allied with Hitler’s Germany and the Japanese Empire
Italy was involved in military intervention in Spain
Benito Mussolini (1883–1945)
Mussolini became interested in nationalist policies
due to the unfairness of the treaties of Paris
appointed prime minister in 1922
dictator
Il Duce
