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African Nationalism 1948-59 - Coggle Diagram
African Nationalism 1948-59
Women's Protests
Women's Pass Protest 1956
-Federation of SA Women 1954, and the ANC Women's League 1948, organised a significant women's protest
-against having to register for passes, and having to carry pass books
-20,000 protestors
-petition bearing 100,000 signatures
-secretary turned them away
-protest continued
Black Sash
-white women opened advice centres for non-white Africans
-arranged bail for women who otherwise could not return home to look after children
-built up a pool of lawyers to help Africans at a minimal fee
-built trust between white and non-white women
Weakness
-didn't put an end to apartheid
-gained support and trust but no mass action to end apartheid
-helped women but did not end apartheid
Success
-women protest groups had support from both white and black women
-helped many women in need
Revival of the ANC
Old ANC
-1940, under the leadership of Alfred Xuma, the ANC worked closely with organisations such as the SA Indian Congress
-develop a policy of non-cooperation involving civil disobedience
-developed support at local levels
-seen as a organisation run by and for urban elites
-younger members questioning the pace of activities
-ANC seemed to follow rather than lead developments in the struggle against apartheid
New ANC
-pace of ANC activities and frustrations led to a more radical movement within the ANC
-In 1944 Walter Sisulu formed the ANC Youth League
-new generation of leaders such as Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo and Robert Sobukwe
-sought a broader organisation with mass support
-emphasised the community based culture of African people
ANCYL Basic Programme
-1948 after the NP won victory the ANCYL set up a basic policy:
-African people should unite as one group rather than members of different tribes
-African people had the right to wealth and prosperity
-African people should accept the help of other sympathetic groups
ANC Youth League
Defiance Campaign
About
-first large scale example of direct action from the ANC
-non-violence defiance
-local protests- protestors to break the law, hoping arrests would exceed authorities ability to cope, showing the weight of opposition
-nationwide strikes and protests
-over 10,000 attended the meeting
-ANC realised it could embarrass the govt by protests
-realised they would not be successful by themselves to abolish apartheid, no matter how many participants
Success
-new generation of leaders
-broad organisation, mass support
-10,000 people attended the meeting in Durban
-membership rose from 4,000 to 100,000
-rattled the govt
-ANC became a mass movement, led by committed and experienced activists
Weakness
-vast majority of 8 million did not get involved
-8,500 arrested in 6 months
-govt made civil disobedience a crime, making defiance harder
-never moved beyond 1 mass protest
-little participation in rural areas
-Mandela arrested
Rural Resistance
Zeerust Uprising 1957
-opposition to the implementation of women to need pass books
-when the local cheif of Zeerust, Transvaal refused to enforce the pass laws on women he was dismissed
-widespread protest was the result
-men and women from Johannesburg travelled on buses to join the protest
-many arrested by the security forces
-women were forced to carry their passes in Zeerust
East Pondoland 1961
-local chief of this region sided with the govt was accused of corruption
-local people insisted he was fired
-locals boycotted white-owned stores
-rural unrest and lack of help from ANC led to the rise in support for the PAC
Potato boycott 1957-59
-ANC sponsored boycott
-boycott of potatoes due to the harsh conditions endured by potato workers
-Potatoes rot quickly and stock piled up as people refused to buy them
-1959, farmers began to improve working conditions
-boycott deemed a success
Freedom Charter
Success
-united opposition
-created the foundation of universal rights for future defiance
-3,000 representatives
-formed the Congress Alliance, anti-apartheid groups coming together
Weakness
-protest leaders stuck in trials (Treason Trial) and banning orders so took a long time
-no direct action/movement
-long term rather than short term change
-PAC rejected the Freedom Charter, meaning it didn't meet everyone's needs
-caused divisions between the PAC and other groups
About
-early 1950s
-ANC and other protest organisations, held nationwide meetings
-wanted to hear peoples demands and grievances
-1954 meeting, decided to make a Charter of universal rights
-based on what Africans wanted
-committee drew up the Freedom Charter, to be presented at the People's Congress
-3,000 representatives attended
-groups came together (Congress Alliance)
What it Stated
-SA belongs to anyone who lives in it
-no govt can claim authority unless for the will of the people
-people had been robbed of their birth right land
-govt founded on injustice and inequality
-country will never prosper/ be free until everyone had equal rights
-democratic state was the way forward
PAC
Success
-membership exceeded the ANC by 25,000 in 1959
-gained large support
-created in 1957, gained mass support in small time
-reached rural areas so had to have large popularity to be known in these areas
Weakness
-too worried about who was fighting rather than opposing the govt
-didn't take much action during this time
-discouraged fight for equal SA (wanted black supremacy)
-caused division between groups
About
-formed in 1957 by former ANCYL leader
-Africanist approach (didn't want equality, wanted black supremacy)
-PAC accused all white people for apartheid
-believed they were only successful by themselves
-did not allow support from anyone other than black Africans
-white people=the enemy
-opposed communists
-believed Africa belonged to black Africans
-'to be SA you had to be exclusively black'
-popular in rural areas