1.

The red scare

Effects - innocent people were targeted. For example from 1947 the HUAC called 41 writers in to question their communist relations to the film industry. When ten refused to answer they were blacklisted and jailed for one year. this highlighted the anti - communist hysteria in america.

The cold war.

Effects hightened anti commiunist hysteria. There was a major fear in america that communism would take over due to the heightened communism infulx. China turned communist in 1949.

Berlin blockade ( in attempt to make berlin reliant on the soviet union)

Effetcs - This also increased tensions within international relations. And an escelation of the cold war. Convinced many that the soviet union craved domination. and after the chinese communists won the chinese civil war in 1949 there was a real fear from americans that the soviet union craved world denomination.

Effects- The allies succeded as the blockade was a failiure. Using the berlin air lift method. in may 1949 he reopened the supluy lines. A MORAL DEFEAT

Causes : 1917 russian revolution. there was a heightened fear from the terror stalin who was seen as a tyrant did to russia.There were gulags and the fear of this taking over america scared many who relied on the capitalist country.

Effects The truman Doctorine. 1947 A plan that was put into place in order to control other countries turning to communism after the soviet expansion. By offering support to those resisting takeover. Was also backed up by finanical aid to those turning to communism ( the marshall plan ) which provided millions of dollars. Stalin did not allow eastern european countries to accept the aid.

Effects - The house of unamerican activities was set up in 1938 to monitor 'extremist groups' suspected of commiting unamerican activities. Public hearings took place

Effects- The federal loyalty boards were set up in 1947 by truman as hoover wrote to him asking for it. As a result of this 3k employees were forced to leave work or fired as they were concidered a security threat. ( government employees)

Effects The berlin crisis of 1948. stalin blocked the pathway june 1948 in order to make berlin dependent on the soviet union. They feared the threat of a recovered germany. he wanted to control berlin and keep them free of western infulence.

Caused by - The development of the atomic bomb from the us in 1945 ( without informing stalin ) and stalin working to boost atomic reasearch. This heigh

Caused by the formation of bizona and then trizona with gb america and france 1947.

Alger Hiss Imprisoned for 5 years suspected communist leaking info to the soviet union.

Effects heightened the anti comunist hysteria. Made people in america feel as though comunists were everywhere. Added to the 'reds under the beds' hysteria. He was imprisoned for 5 years in 1950.

Effects Mcarran internal security act in 1950. made all comunist groups register with the government. There was a massive fear that communists were up in high government postitions and the governement wanted to be aware of this for 'security reasons'

Ethel and julius rosenburg 1950 snitched on for supposedly being spies for the soviets on how to develop anatomic bomb.

Effects There were large protests against the sentence. They were excecuted without fair trial in 1953. And many argued that there was not enough evidence to execute them. highlighted the unfair justice system and how the anti- communist hysteria lead to unfair syste,s.

Added to the anti- communist hysteria. The fear that there were 'reds under the beds.' This lead to the strengthening of the mcarran act in 1952.which meant communists were not allowed passports, not allowed to work certian jobs and anyone suspected of subversion could be put in a detention camp without trail.

HAUC AND THE HOLLYWOOD TEN.

Effects - The harsh consequences of the trail such as blacklisting and imprisonment. There were large protests against the huac decison to imprison the hollywood 10. They faced major backlash and there were unusal reactions to their sentance.

Effects - This heightened the anti- communist hysteria in america. For many the fear that communists were in infulencial indistries such as hollywood was a massive fear. This was hieghtened by the masses of propaganda Hollywood film producers increased anti- communist films.nproduced in order to solidify the fears of many americans. HUGE PUBLICITY TO THE WORK.

MCARTHY

Effects- Downfal.Creating an anti- democratic sense after critizising the army. There was a general atmosphere of disgust among america. He had extreme views and used agressive methods. Popular faces in america left eg. 1952 charlie chaplin was not allowed back in. The extremity of the anti- communist hysteria was giving america a bad name, Also no one was ever convicted of sypying through his work. people stopped talking about politics

Effects- Heightened the hysteria for many americans. He claimed to have a list of 205 government workers who were communist. Made speeches. Acussed many of being a communist im agressive ways and made many americans feel they were at risk. People

Segregation and discrimination

Effects- Low voting numbers for black people. Poll tax. Threatening and violent tactics Literary tests.

Effects- Heavy racism made black people seperated. For the jim crow laws of southern america. LYNCHINGS were common and many black people felt

Effects- Little action from the governement to help black people. This is because the congress needed support of southern politicans to progress laws. and many didnt either because of their racist views or because of fear they woiuld upset their voters.

Brown vs tropeka 1951

1950 KOREAN WAR

Effect- Increased tensions between the us and the ussr. Solidified the tension between the pair as the north invaied the south in 1950 ( run my stalin) as they were now fighting through other countries

Effect - Added to the anti- communist hysteria The fear of a communist takeover, for many americans this would have felt like the communists were starting to take over through this war.

Effects - Brown vs trokepa. 1951 started 1954 ruled.
Very little immidate impact Process was hard
fired teachers. White people left areas due to an infulx of black people 'white flight' There was much white resistance and the monday it was became known as 'black monday. Increased violence towards black americans in the south

Effects- Slightly positive outlook. overturned the plessy f'seperate but equal' gained media attention and forced the government to act. A great victory for the NAACP who challenged this to the local court.

The 1955 Death of Emmett Till

-Effects - Gained masses of emotional sympathy from americans. Open casket The trial of bryant and milliam became widley publisiced.

Effect- The anger over the lack of justice MOTIVATED AFRICAN AMERICANS TO CHANGE CATYALYST FOR THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT , All white male jury found them not guilty even when they had confessed later in a magazine unpaid for.

Montgomery bys boycott 1955-1956

effect- was an immidate success uinanimous suppourt from african americans it lead to bus companies to loose money as 70% of bus users were africam american.

effect -

However many were erbally and physically harassed by white citizens including the kkk MARTIN LUTHER KINGS HOUSE BOMBED

drivers of shared cars were often arrested for minor driving offences.

This shows that it was a success however not everyone accepted this, there was still backlash.

Many other areas still remained segretgated, it did not change attitudes and only lead to change in one area.

Successful- provided an example that protest worked. sparked more movements

Rosa parks was a catylyst for this movement. She refused to give up her seat on the bus.

Little rock 1957

Effects - Elizabeth eckford showed that the federal government could successfuly overrule state governemnts. The president eizenhower directly interveined to enforce the supreme courts decison. If they reach extreme levels and demonstarted how change could occur.

Little rock 1957

Effects - Acted as a catylyst for the 1960s civil rights movement The publicity damamged the usa's reputation and made the country look hyprocrytical. demenstarted that media attention was nessacery for change.

9 students entering a school.

1957 civil rights act

effects - showed black people signifance in the law. first time in 82 years, Lead to investigations on why black peoples votes wernt being seen as significant. civil rights act of 1960 however onky imporvedthe resuly of black voters by 3%

It was fillerbusted for 24 hours by a dixiecrat showing resistance, a whole year it was hled back by.,

Had little immidate impact there was white resistance.

Revival of the KKK

Effects - A decrease in support for black civil rights. 'black monday'
White citizens were set up missipi council to reinforce segregation.

Effect- an increase in violence due to a rise in hatred fpr black americans. lynhcings and attacks were more common as a rise in attacks. after the bus boycott in 1956 they started to use bombs. RACIAL VIOLENVCE.

Freedom riders and Anniston fire bombing. started by CORE

1961- Huge media attention lead to kennedys embaressment Busses were desgregated. By the end of 1961 freedom rides had been brough to an end. by the summer there had been over 60 freedom rides. 300 riders in missipli jailed.

Effetcs- attracted major white backlash. kkk leaderWILLIAM CHAPEL attcked bus in Anniston fire bombing AND THERE WERE BRUTAL ATTACKS TRYING TO SOBOTAGE THE BUSSES. the poliece cheif Bull connor ordered the poliece to do nothing.

1960 Sit ins

Effetcs- overall successful many desegragated and many lunch counters suffered.
by the end of 1960 120 towns and cities had desegreated lunch counters.

Effetcs- Atrracted mass media attention. Jails became overcrowed as there was a 'jail not bail' tactic. Greensboro, North Carolina - 4 students defy segregation, sit at segregated lunch counters in department store, then more show up, 4th day 300 show up;

Lots of civil rights groups benifited. NAACP CORE SCLC

They attracted white protestors for the first time, masses of numbers, infulenced more student protests. Atrracted huge publicity.

Meredith case

Effetcs -

1961-1962

was not allowed into uni because of a 'felony case' acciused of false voter registration.

-went to the naacp to get help.

there were riots at the university

2 civillians died

kenedy said those obstructing the law should detist.

Effetcs -

he finally regestired with missipi university. he was gaurded by 300 state troops for the next year until he graduated.

it forced president kennedy to act to take direct action to enforce the supreme court

african americans were rarely rejected from unis or state authority

Martin luther King

proposed a non violent way of working. This appealed to white people. infulenced by ghandi he proposed a pasicfist movement. he propsed speaches. i have a deam.

A sense of diapointment when his ways of working only brung about legal change and not attitude. in 1968 he wa assaisanited.

The birmingham peace marches 1963.

Effects -lead to more black riots after extreme violence was used against them on the 11th 12th may.
federal troops were sent by keneddy to restore calm.
President kennedy has to send in a negociator

Effetcts -he greatest imapact was on the federal government as the president wanted to aviod anything like this. Birmingham gave the civil rights bill kenedy had started earlier more significance as media attention gathered. Most lunch counters and shops were desegregated.

televison footage of the marches young people being attacked by dogs and fire hoses
sncc began training younger people to protest over 1k children on the 2nd of may were aressted.

March on washington 1963

Effetcs -

Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. MASSES OF MEDIA ATTENTION AND GAVE PUBLICITY TO THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT.

peacefully

was televised and gained masses of media attention bob dylan was there

EFFECTS - put presuure on politicans to continue with the civil rights bill. The president assured the protestsors that the bill was heppening. 250,000 people attended the rally

i HAVE A DEAM SPEECH.

Effetcs - fixed mlk position as head of the civil rights movement 1964 awarded the nobel peace prize.

It also attracted mass media to this march,250k people came. celebrites bob dylan.

Missipi freedom summer

Failuire Increased voter regestarition but 17,000 tried only 1,600 actually could.
it brung publicity but solved not enoug

Freedom summer murders. KKK members harsh white backlash killed 3.1964 A tttracted mass media attention huge publicty and support for civil rights.

Selma and voting rights.

Effetcs- bloody sunday. footage of black people being attacked was shown. Was an embrassment for america and lead to many people knowing about the events.

Effetcs- lead to some substansial leagal change. The civil rights act 1964 Voting rights act of 1965. Showing that protest could require legal change. And would hopefully lead to attitude change from americans.

Voting rights.

Civil rights act of 1964. + SIGNIFICANT LEGAL CHANGE. had enough support of democrats and republicans to sign. showed a willingness to persue the rights of african americans.

dixiecrats manageda 54 day fillerbuster attempt to stop but didnt work.
did not change attitides. difficult to enforce the laws in the south

The voting rights act of 1965.

A dramatic increase in the number of voters to missipi now had 67.5 percent of black people able to vote in 1968.Showed that protest would work. n

Effect- it meant politicans now had to disccus issues that matter to black people in order to gain votes. Gave black people significance in the law. Put pressure on the government.

Protetss 1966-1974

The nation of islam

Effect- 1962 had 40k members. Created an opisiton to the civil rights moveemnt and the peaceful notion of martin luther king.

Effect-Lead to the black power movement African American movement that focused on gaining control of economic and political power to achieve equal rights by force in necessary. (Malcolm X)

despite the civil rights act 1964
dThey still felt that there needed to be a more violent way to cope.

The growth of black power

effects - Grew much oppisiton for its radical beleifs. many leaders such as stoney carmiehceal infulenced this. rejcected white help and lost support of many moderate white people.

causes - Frustrated by the slow movement(X) - stoney carmicheal. Malcom x's work to drive white people away

causes- the 1968 olymipics SMITH AND CARLOS GIVING THE BLACK POWER SOLUTE. GAINED MASSES OF MEDIA ATTENTIONINSPIRED MILLIONS.

EFFECTS - More black people becoming proud of their heritage there was so much publicity 1968 olympics

CAUSES - Worsening conditions in ghettoos -1968 kenner report suggested - lead to race riots eg the watts distroct 1965 34 people died. The governemnt gave money to improve conditions however many white people were afraid of black people and this caused alot of synpathy to be lost.

RACE RIOTS

effetcs- there was loss of sympathy from white people.

effects - There was some action from the governement. after the 1968 kenner report suggested this was because of worsening conditions in ghettos. there was some governement fudning into improving living conditions.

The black panther movement + willing to work with white people

effects - gained nagtive bublicty. frewuent shoot outs againstthe poilice. heuy newton and bobby seale. were the leaders.

Effetcs- were successful in trying to help ghettos. orgainised medical clinics. history lessons, free shoes, breakfast clubs. made an effort to help the black community.

The student movement

Effects - by 1970. 40% went to college

The reason for the explosion of protests in the usa 1960s.

the impact of the civil rights movement ( sit ins) were the first student movememnt protest
the emergence of the teenager. ( elvis presley ) rebellion
the media ( televisons) people were aware of what was going on in the world eg. the veitnam war. grew huge opisiton.
Music and the arts. the beatles,challenged american traditions.
'dont trust anyone over 30'

effects- students for a democratic society. took part in sit ins and freedom rides, by the end of 1960s had 100k members.

Berkley free speach movement- the protest lasted over 2 days of jack weirblerugs arrest,

Students for a democratic society

100k members end of the 1960s. High membership count spread awareness against racial injustice, war and the violation of human rights.

Berkley free speach movement

as it bece more confrontational. lost the support of moderate people,am oppisiton and it was known as the 'filthy speach movement'

membership increased during the veiwtnam war.

it was sucessful were allowed to use the campus for political notions. 14k berkly students supported the campaign.

Veitnam war.

Effects - Major opisiton to the us involvement half a million us soldiers 1969 were involved. rising number of feaths of the troops.

effetcs- also a mjor backlash to the us financial involevement on the war. it was not looking likley that they would win.

young drafting system - average age of 21 was very young.
us tactics in veitnam mass bombings and chemical weapons.

Effects - Media heighetend tensions. Amwrica coild see the horrors of ehat was going on sinvce the introduction of televisons, This lead to protets. such as the kent state protests.

Opisition to veitnam

effetcs - Many protests against the war SPILT SOCIETY . kent state their were notions such as 'how many kids di dyou kill today?'Burnings of draft cards.

effetcs - put pressure on the government. 'veitnamazation mid 1969. south veitnam take more on.

effects - many vietnam supporters were disliked by members of american society.

Hippies.

-effetcs. hippies had a lasting impact on america. their attitudes such as wearing unusal clothes, rock music experimenting with drugs and sex. was lomg lasting HELPED more liberal ideas be welcomed into soceity. Their relasxed way of life meant they attented festivals such as woodstock 1969 which over half a million people gathered.

another effect was the kent state shootings.

Hippie movement.

Effect. there was alot of negative backlash. hippes were veiwed as 'wasters' and many did not want their children to act like this. For many the solgans such as 'make love not war and 'if it feels good do it' sparked outrage by

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THE WOMENS MOVEMEMNT

EFFETCS - SIGNIFICANT legal change 1964 civil rights act 1963 equal pay act

ELANOR ROOSAVELT

EFFECTS- thighlighted key issues for women
the presidents commison for women december 1961 highlighting huge inequalities women faced.

effect- her work highlighted major issues in equal pay and lead to the signing of the equal pay act in june 1963. followed by the civil rights act of 1964
SIGNIFICANE IN THE LAW FOR WOMEB

effects - Freedom for women another massive effect of the womens movement. the development of the pill 1960. 1956 it was ruled acceptable gave women control of their bodies, plan their education and work career.

Betty fridan

effects - she worked to pressure the governement with the NOW group. 1966 and disclosed a bill of rights which by 1970 had 40k members.

Challenged idealogy rooted in mysigony that women should be happy as housewives. . femeinine ystique 1963

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NOW

effect- put pressure on the governemt to enforce ewuality. made the now bill of rights and by 1970 had 40k members.m

effect - increased publicity fro the women smovement. protest down new yorks fith avenue 50k people took part. they rallied

negative - some people said that it was too radical their views on abortion.
some argue that it did little to help poor women.

Womens liberation movement -

effect- Lead the womens movement to radical ideas regarded men as the enemy and stated that onky lesbians could ever be liberated fully. bra burning at the 1968 miss america.

effect- attracted negative publicity and made them realise that they needed a different approach. by 1974 there was a more moderate and helpful approach with a focous on domestic abuse and rape.

Abortion

in 1970 roe verusus wade allowed abortion

one effect of this movement. Lead to significant change.

Phyllis schafly and oppisiton to the womens movement a contridactry bitch because she was apolitical actavist

kent state shootings.

increased publicity 450 unis many americans were shocked.

lost some smpathy from the movement

effects -

Equal rights ammendment she created oppisition to the era called stop era. in the long term she witheld it. until the tim elimit was reached.

allowed more women than ever to be polically switched on
gradually became more acceptable for women to be alone, having a career.

effects- caused many women not to join the anti feminism. she worked tirelessly to protect feminine roles, strict opooser of abortion and

The impact of the womens movement

positive. by 1974 more women were in jobs than ever before.1974 ewual credit act.

politically engaged.

NIXON

Effect- nixon resigned but was recived a full pardon by the new president general ford. this angered mnay americans ad the felt he had not been served justice for his crimes.They were angry that nixon had got waway with lying to them and they fely defeated.

Effect- watergate made americans loose all trust in their governemnt a survery recorrded that by 1974 only 36% of people had trust in the government.m

The war powers act 1973 prohibits armed forces frok remaining for more than 60 days

effect- showed the publics distrust towards the governm,ent highlighted by 1974 only 36% of people said they trsusted the governemnt

privacy act 1974

election camoagin act of 1974.

effect- was an attempt to

General ford and the pardon

Effect- watergate made americans loose all trust in their governemnt a survery recorrded that by 1974 only 36% of people had trust in the government.m

even though he was importantenforced desegregation, lead improvements with china and soviet union. on,y known for watergate

effects- Poeple were mad they did not get justice.

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limited presidential cpontrol

after watergate the ecret fund founded within creeps budget.

that nixon gave mitchel

congress was passed before moeny spent and meant congress had authority to prevent this from happening again.

the president had less control than ever beofre.

The watergate recordings

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Televised hearing of watergate

brought the drama of the hearings to the living rooms of millions of American households, broadcasting the proceedings live for two weeks in May 1973.

the media heightened the issue and this was significant in spreading the news of the hearing.

televison profited of the millions of people intrestead in watching this.

was the first time something like this has happened.

little trust in the government.

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