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ROBUSTNESS, "Bootstrapping" refers to the process of starting up…

- - - - A policy for handling the double spending problem in bitcoin is to allow the first transaction referencing the digital asset and reject the rest of the transactions that references the same digital asset management
      - In Ethereum a combination of
        
        Account Number
        
        Global Nonce
        is used to solve the double spending problem
        
        Every time a transaction is initiated by an account, a global nonce is included in the transaction.
        
        After that the nonce is incremented. Time stamp on the nonce in the transaction should be unique and verified to prevent any double use of digital asset
  - - - One led by each of the competing blocks. The probability that the next block will happen at the same time in both these chains is extremely low. So the winner of the next cycle for block creation consolidates one of the chains and that chain becomes the accepted chain.
        
        The transaction in the other blocks are returned to the unconfirmed pool.
    - - New blocks are added only to the main chain and not to the runner up chain
        
        The Runner up Blocks are maintained for six more blocks after they were added.
- - - - Occasionally a minor process adjustment has to be carried out typically by :!:bootstrapping a new software to the already running processes
        
        :checkered_flag:Script was introduced in Bitcoin using soft fork
      - SOFTWARE PATCH OR A BUG FIX to address an issue
    - - Hard fork implies a major change in the protocol
        EIP(ETHEREUM IMPROVEMENT PROPOSALS) are introduced using hard fork
        
        :checkered_flag:Ethereum homestead to Metropolis Byzantium version was a planned hard fork
      - :red_flag:After a hard fork the emerging two chains are incompatible
      - NEW VERSION