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The Nazi Experiment: 1929 - 1949 - society - Coggle Diagram
The Nazi Experiment: 1929 - 1949 - society
volksgemeinschaft
hitler wanted a national people's community united as "one people! one reich! one fuhrer"
community before individual, where 'will of nation' is state aim
described the people as 'volksgenossen' - national comrades, or aryans
only those who are racially pure are allowed
workers
1933 - DAF replaced independent unions - heralded as first stage of assimilation into national community
november 1933 - emergence of strength through joy (KdF) to organise workers leisure time, subdivision of beauty of work emerged with rewards for good working practices, such as holidays, cars, competitions, leisure or sporting activities
1935 - RAD meant men 18-25 forced to work - developed from a voluntary programme under weimar government
women
hitler needed women to be bearers of healthy aryan stock
taught to see themselves as mothers first and foremost, but husbands had equal importance
encouraging motherhood
closure of birth control centres, and abortion made illegal unless for birth defects
maternity benefits increased and income tax allowances for dependent children were raised
1939 - 'honour cross of german motherhood' encouraged women to 'bear a child for the fuhrer' - medals for large numbers of kids, and concessions on expenses
ensuring genetic purity
1935 - need for a certificate of 'fitness to marry' before allowed a license
1938 - unproductive marriages could be ended
1941 - couples found cohabiting after marriage had been banned could be sent to concentration camps
enforcing female role
1933 - 'law for reduction of unemployment' gave allowances to women who gave up work
marriage loans reduced after each child born into marriage - after 4 kids couples owed nothing
declared ineligible for jury service, banned from senior positions in Nazi leadership and RS, discouraged from going to uni
1934 - all married women compelled to leave careers in medicine, law and civil service
1936 - labour shortage meant women encouraged into factories, and 1937 - didn't need to leave work to qualify for marriage loan
1939 - compulsory agricultural service for women under 25
1943 - women 16 to 45 eligible for conscription to war effort
youth
enveloping the youth was key to the future of the reich
reich ministry of education under bernhard rust ensured a nazi curriculum was followed
changes to education
jewish theses banned in science - biology used to promote racial difference
history glorified and emphasised german past and military heroism
geography, german, art and music - encouraged german culture and heritage
differentiation between female and male curriculums began
teachers controlled through NSLB in 1929 - by 1937 95% of teachers belonged, some dismissed under 1933 civil service act
1935 fuhrer decree allowed political vetting of all civil service appointments including teachers
1939 - all teachers became reich civil servants
youth groups/ movements
1936 - membership of hitler youth became compulsory
catholic youth groups closed in 1939
hitler youth = boys 6-18, league of german maidens = girls 10-21
edelweiss pirates and swing movements grew in the later 30's
social conformity
nazi germany became heavily legislated
various public events - parades, speeches, rallies, flags and posters
winterhilfe scheme 1933 - doorstep collections of money, food and clothing for distressed families to show germans helping one another - by 1938 9m people received payments - sometimes collectors resorted to intimidation
propaganda and censorship = heavily used tactics by goebbels to enforce nazi ideology
church
protestant
protestant reich church established may 1933 by ludwig muller - wholeheartedly embraced nazism, branch of german christians
breakaway group of 100 pastors led by niemoller formed confessional church in 1934
in 1936 many confessional pastors sent to concentration camps for disobedience
catholic
1933 concordat w/ pope disavowed by nazis in 30's as took over catholic organisations
pope pius XII never openly condemned nazism
german faith movement
nazi party pagan faith movement to replace christianity - supported by many SS
carols and nativity plays banned in schools from 1938
christmas word banned and replaced with yuletide in war time
racial state
those who didnt fit criteria of 'volksgenossen' were subject to intimidation and persecution
1933 round up of 1/2m workshy for compulsory work in return for a permit for board/ lodgings
1938 workshy reich programme - sent to conc. camps or sterilised
biological outsiders
anyone with a hereditary defect or non-aryan
1933 - sterilisation for anyone w/ a hereditary defect, then not allowed to marry non-sterilised persons
1939 euthanasia programme set up for disabled persons up to 16 years of age
euthanasia practiced on 72,000 adults in 6 mental hospitals, stopped in 1941 - secret programme of 14F13 gassed 30-50,000 persons o mental illness
roma/ sinti
included in nuremberg laws of 193, subject to racial tests, registered from 1938
sent to camps in poland from 1940, in 1942 20,000 went to auschwitz, and 101,000 murdered there alongside 1/2m
jews
march 1933 - one day boycott of jewish shops and businesses
april-oct 1938 - exclusion, registration, identification
after 1938 - excluded from 'aryan' areas, excluded from social activities and areas, banned from educations
from 1942 - wannsee conference determined the 'final solution' - mass execution of 6m jews by gas in conc. camps
april 1933 - law for restoration of professional civil service - jewish civil servants dismissed
1935 - nuremberg laws ban marriage between jews and non jews, also deprived them of german citizenship
november 1938 - kristallnacht 'night of the broken glass' - destruction of jewish owned property/ possessions - 91 murdered, hundreds injured and 20,000 sent to conc. camps
nazi culture
may 1933 - nazi book burnings to destroy un-german works = very anti-intellectual
rigid censorship maintained by joseph goebbels and the reich chamber of culture (reichskulturkammer)
nazis despised modernist approaches, so all art, music, film and radio was an emphasis of traditional german heritage
speer led movement for large classical architectural forms to reinforce 3rd reich
post-war german society
constraints on women lifted, but also forced rebuilding of germany created 'rubble women'
denazification
nuremberg trials of november 1945 - october 1946
frageboden - process of questions on life in nazi germany to determine how they would be re-educated
law for liberation from national socialism 1946 - tribunals for investigation of ex-party members with 90% exonerated in british zones, 50% in french, and 30% in US
soviets were more through - but still many high skilled nazis allowed to continue practicing
largely considered a failure due to high number of nazis remaining in positions of influence
teachers, uni academics and educational administrators with links to nazism in western zones remained
protestant churches issued stuttgart declaration of 1945 admitting guilt and 'failure to protest more courageously'