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EXAM QS TO WORK ON - Coggle Diagram
EXAM QS TO WORK ON
WHAT WAS THE MAIN AIM OF ELIZABETH FP?
QUIETUDE
Elizabeth (and Cecil) were cautious - taught by initial forays that intervention was dangerous
didn't commit strongly to counter vs Spain, preferred to protect the Channel - wary of strength of European Catholic powers
action in Ireland to suppress rebels
MONEY
trading companies
privateering and raids rather than invasions = financial rather than imperial aims - Sack of Cadiz, SFD circumnavigation, Battle of San Juan de Ulloa
colonisation - Roanoke Island, trips to Caribbean etc funded by Elizabeth
PROTECTION/PROJECTION OF PROTESTANTISM
support for Scottish Prots
Support for Dutch 'sea beggars' then Treaty of Nonsuch . RD Governor General
Defence of England from Cath powers = defence of Anglicanism
TO WHAT EXTENT WAS ENGLAND ECONOMICALLY TRANSFORMED?
YES
less reliance on Antwerp cloth trade - global trade routes
establishment of trading companies
increased manufacture and purchasing of luxury goods
emphasis on colonisation for trade e.g. Navigation Act 1563 - some commodities could only be traded with England
farmers' profits increased due to price rises - WIlliam Harrison 1577
NO
90% agrarian - devastated by harvest failure
most of the population didn't feel the increase in luxuries - prodigy house and arts patronage but also dearth and squallor
still reliant on cloth trade, privateering and exploration not yet reliable as some trading companies unsuccessful
HOW EFFECTIVELY DID E.I. MAINTAIN ROYAL AUTHORITY?
YES
control over RP in Parliament
public accepted her - wanted stability? or due to potential punishment
ministers rarely deviated from her will - longevity of PC members meant she kept royal authority
defeated plots to overthrow her
didn't marry or execute MQOS initially despite Parliament pushing
NO
many plots = weak authority
authority diminished as she aged - people 'grew tired of an old woman's rule'
challenges to ERS = challenges to royal authority
Elizabeth as a woman - people wanted the PC, Parliament and/or a husband to rule in her stead
TO WHAT EXTENT WAS GOVERNMENT TRANSFORMED?
YES
involvement in Break from Rome and subsequently ERS - more power in combination with the monarch's
more secular and professional - more university-trained lawyers in HOC, less influence from the Church
Privy Council was smaller, with less scope for change - met more frequently as reign progressed and managed more things as war and socio-economic issues increased
more JPs, Lord Lieutenants used to supervise and report for first time
NO
still personal govt, reflecting Elizabeth personality and aims - ERS, tentative FP etc
Arcana Imperium protected, bar a few wobbles
Parliament was still a tool of the monarch - taxes, laws and advice
increasingly professional but also as corrupt and hierarchical as ever - e.g. Cecil profits from Court of Wards were 3x his declared salary
TO WHAT EXTENT WAS SOCIETY TRANSFORMED?
YES
more opportunities for professionals in govt - over half of MPs were university trained by 1603
population growth - larger dependent population
effects of dissolution - more upper gentry class
NO
still 60% below subsistence level, 90% agrarian - same as entire century
Ruling elite still largely aristocratic, little chance for social mobility - 10/19 in PC were related to E.I.
still 1% nobility, about 4,500
WAS THE C OF E FULLY REFORMED IN 1603?
YES
Robert Hooker - Anglicanism = 'True Christianity'
Key ministers = Protestant
Combination of 1549 and 1552 PB - both Prot
Even though it was a compromise, it was a compromise declared as a new religion - E.I. as Supreme Governor and intolerance of recusancy
No pilgrimage, transubstantiation or Pope
NO
doctrine was ambiguous (purposefully) - no one area fully Prot or Cath
not clear on salvation or if Supremacy vested in Parliament as well as monarch
Catholic appearance e.g. candles and rood screens but Prot doctrine = not new but amalgamation of other things
Elizabeth not strong reformist - clerical marriage and Catholic music e.g.
didn't matter what the 'reform' was as the strict enforcement required obedience