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Bio paper 2 - Coggle Diagram
Bio paper 2
Homeostasis
The eye:
- ciliary muscles contract
- suspensory ligaments loosen
- lens thicken
- closer vision
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- ciliary muscles loosen
- suspensory ligaments contract
- lens thins
- further vision
The brain:
cerebral cortex--> memory, language
medulla--> heart rate, breathing rate
cerebellum--> balance
difficult to treat as it is protected by the skull and easy to damage
MRI scanning, electrical stimulation,
RP reaction time:
- person 1 sits on a stool and places their dominant arm over a table
- person 2 holds the ruler vertically between person 1's thumb and first finger
- person 2 drops the ruler at a random time
- person 1 catches the ruler
- person 2 records the length on the ruler
- short rest and repeat, calculating a mean
- repeat with person 2 and compare results
Thermoregulation:
- sweat glands release sweat onto the surface of the skin
- sweat evaporates
- this takes energy from the body, cooling it down
Vasodilation:
- blood vessels dilate
- more blood flows through the capillaries
- more heat transfer out the blood
Reflex arc:
- stimulus
- receptor
- coordinator
- effector
- response
- sensory, relay, motor neurones
nervous system vs endocrine system:
Nervous:
- quick, short lived, neurones
Endocrine:
- bloodstream, longer lasting, slower
The kidneys:
if overhydrated:
- pituitary gland stops releasing ADH
- more urine produced
- less water reabsorbed
if dehydration occurs:
- ADH released
- ADH travels to kidneys
- increased permeability of kidney tubules
- less urine produced
- pituitary gland stops releasing ADH
Dialysis:
- blood passes over a semi permeable membrane (allows ions and water to pass through but not proteins as too big)
- urea diffuses into dialysis fluid
Advantages:- dialysis machines in good supply
Disadvantages:
- punctures skin
- expensive
- inconvenient
Plant responses RP:
- cotton wool in three petri dishes with equal volumes of water
- place 10 seeds in each dish
- allow to germinate
- make sure number of seeds is the same
- measure height of each seedling with a ruler
- place in sunlight/ darkness/ partial light
- one in darkness grows longest
to investigate gravitropism:
- place dish on side
- auxin inhibits cell growth in roots
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Inheritance
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Protein synthesis:
Transcription:
- DNA copied (RNA)
- mRNA passes out the nucelus
Translocation:
- mRNA attaches to a ribosome
- amino acids brought to the ribosomes on tRNA
- tRNA joins amino acids together in the correct order
Mutation:
-change to a base= mutation
-caused by different bases encoding for the same amino acid
- active site no longer attaches to substrate
- could lead to cancer on uncontrollable mitosis
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Ecology
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Food security
changing diets mean scarce food resources are transported to be sold to other areas from areas which need them
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