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Animal Digestion, Mr P Reynolds - Coggle Diagram

- - - - cannot be made in the animal’s body
        obtained in the animal’s diet, e.g. lysine and methionine.
    - - These can be manufactured in the body e.g. alanine and glutamine.
        
        Ruminants do not Require Amino Acids:
        Rumen microorganisms can Synthesize(Make) amino acids and protein from Non Protein Sources such as Urea and Ammonia
- - - - Sources
        
        Hay/Straw
        
        Soyabean Hulls
        
        Brewers Grain
        
        Sugarbeet Pulp
      - Important
        
        Improve Milk Solids/Weight Gain
        
        Stimulates Rumen function
        
        Nutrient digestion
- - - - Thick, muscular wall.
      - left-side of the abdomen
      - Contain bacteria and protozoa that breakdown fibre
      - The microbes break down the cellulose into Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), Amino Acids and glucose to provide energy for the animal.
        
        VFA Used For
        
        Maintenance
        
        Growth
        
        Reproduction
        
        Milk production
      - Rumen microbes also produce B vitamins, vitamin K and amino acids.
      - Carbon dioxide and methane gas are produced
      - The rumen is anaerobic and has a pH of 6.5–7.0.
      - Movement
        
        The rumen contracts and moves continuously. “rumination”
        
        Mixes contents
        
        Brings microbes in contact with new feedstuffs
        
        Reduces flotation of solids
        
        Moves materials out of the rumen
        
        Healthy cows have one to two rumen contractions each minute.
        
        Poor rumen movement may indicate a sick animal.
      - Symbiosis
        
        The microbes are provided with a suitable living environment and a ready supply of nutrients and they provide the enzymes that break down the cellulose for the animal.
      - Rumen Sickness
        
        Bloat
        
        Cause
        
        high protein,
        
        high nitrogen,
        
        low fibre grass swards contains white clover.
        
        Symptom
        
        Swollen left side of Stomach
        
        Laboured Breathing
        
        Reduced Appetite
        
        Slight Temperature
        
        Science
        
        creates a foam in rumen, which traps gas.
        
        Cure
        
        antacid solution
        
        tube inserted through the mouth
        
        trocar and cannula
        
        Prevention
        
        Grazing management
        
        Add Fibre to diet
        
        Bloat Oil
        
        Acidosis
        
        Science
        
        pH of the rumen falls below 5.5
        
        high levels of lactic acid, which cannot be absorbed quickly enough.
        
        Symptom
        
        rumen stops moving, leading to a loss of appetite.
        
        Cause
        
        diet high in concentrates or low in fibre.
        
        Cure
        
        Oral magnesium oxide
        
        Prevention
        
        Gradual introduction to concentrates
        
        High Fibre in diet
    - - This is the second stomach chamber
      - Food is passed here from the rumen.
      - A small tissue fold lies between the reticulum and rumen, but the two aren’t separate compartments.
      - It regurgitates food back to the mouth for further chewing. ‘chewing the cud’
      - Heavy or dense feed and metal objects eaten by the cow drop into this compartment.
    - - Squeezing the food and reabsorbing water and liquid from it and preparing it for Chemical Breakdown.
    - - hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, needed to breakdown feeds. (pH 2)
    - - no incisors, instead consist of a horny pad
      - Diastema – Space between front teeth and molars, used for holding forage.
      - Tongue - (papillae)
        Prehensile Tongue – ability to hold feed and wrap around grass/forage
        form a bolus
      - Salivary glands –
        
        It provides liquid for the microbes.
        
        It recirculates nitrogen and minerals.
        
        It buffers the rumen. The saliva of cattle contains sodium bicarbonate to help maintain the pH of the rumen between 6.5 and 7.2.
        
        It also contains enzymes to break down starch and fats.