Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
ASPE - Skill Acquisition - Coggle Diagram
ASPE - Skill Acquisition
-
-
Operant conditioning:
- Aim is to shape the behaviour of an individual by strengthening or weakening the bond between a stimulus and desired response.
- Done through trial and error.
- Changing the practice environment to match the real game situation.
- Using reinforcement.
Trial and error:
- When an individual is presented with a stimulus sometimes they will respond correctly and sometimes they respond incorrectly.
- When an individual responds in a desired way reinforcement is used to encourage this behaviour and strengthen the stimulus response bond.
- When an individual responds in an undesirable way punishment can be added to weaken the stimulus response bond.
Postive reinforcement:
- Adding a reward or positive stimulus after a successful response.
- If we are rewarded for responding to a stimulus correctly our brains release dopamine which feels good and strengthens the connection between the stimulus and response.
Punishment:
- Adding a negative stimulus after an unsuccessful response.
- In contrast, when a punishment is given this suppresses the release of dopamine and increases the release of other 'negative' chemicals which weakens the connection between stimulus and the response.
Negative reinforcement:
- Taking away a negative stimulus after a successful response.
- Negative reinforcement then words by removing a punishment and therefore allowing the dopamine to be released and suppressing the release of 'negative' chemicals.
Changing the environment:
- The practice environment should match as closely as possible to the real game situation you are trying to get the individual to improve in.
- This is so the individual can recognise the same stimulus in a game from their practise.
- You should change the environment depending on the response to a stimulus you with the athlete to improve in.
3 Laws:
Law of effect: positive reinforcement increases the chances of behaviour reoccurring.
Law of exercise: the more often response is reinforced the stronger the learning bond will become.
Law of readiness: learning by connecting can only take place when the nervous system has reached an appropriate stage of maturation.
Cognitive learning theory:
- Also known as the Gestalt theory, the performer needs to understand the whole problem before performing the skill correctly.
- Learner develops understandings/insights of the skill in a holistic way. The learner takes part in activities which require them to perceive, solve problems and make decisions appropriate to the intervening variables in the environment they are playing within.
- Learners must modify their actions based to changing situations and discover what works and what doesn't. They can use this past experience to inform what they do in the future.
Problem solving:
- Players PERCEIVE the situation.
- Players must find real solutions to real problems within a whole game style activity.
- problems are called intervening variables.
Holistic:
- Whole/holistic learning refers tot he idea that skill is best taught in FULL or as a WHOLE.
- This is in contrast to teaching the skill in isolation.
Understanding:
- Players gain understanding about the game by solving problems in a realistic context.
Modifying:
- We can modify the environment to introduce different intervening variables.
- This will present athletes with new problems to try and solve and therefore gain new understandings.
Past experience:
- Athletes use what they have experienced in theist to inform them of what they should do in the current situation.
- When athletes gain new understandings they can use this to inform what they should do in the future.
Advantages:
- Adaptable/easy to modify
- Encourages problem solving
- Increases motivation
- Learn at your own pace