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Power and borders - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Eritrea gaining independence from Ethiopia in 1993
        
        Division of Yugoslavia into Balkan states e..g Kosovo
        
        Czech Republic and Slovakia becoming independent after dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993
    - - Claims of India, Pakistan and China in the Jammu and Kashmir areas
      - Shows changes caused not by secession, but by integration through politically strong and important groups of countries
        
        EU expansion
        
        UN, IMF, World Bank and WTO
        
        G20 and G8
  - - - They must have:
        
        A defined territory and independence
        
        Sovereignty of the political power
        
        Government is recognised by other states such as through UN elected membership and engage in relations with other states
        
        Self-determination
        
        How do these states achieve state power?
        
        Internal political and administrative organisations
        
        Legal systems
        
        Police
        
        Health, education and welfare systems
        
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      - Nation: Unlike a state, a nation can be confined to one country, or its people may live across adjoining or several different (diaspora) countries. Many states contain several national groups.
        
        Examples of nations:
        
        Maori: New Zealand
        
        Basque: Straddles border between France and Spain
        
        Sioux: Native American tribes
        
        Kurdish nation: stretches over Armenia, Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey
        
        In modern global politics, most states refer to themselves as nation-states despite containing people of different nationalities
        
        This is because governments often try to build a sense of national identity in a process of nation-building
        
        Sovereignty: Absolute authority exercised in the government
        
        Sovereignty is sustained by two processes
        
        Internal sovereignty: independent sovereign state has exclusive authority of which no other state can intervene in domestic politics
        
        External sovereignty: a state cannot proclaim sovereignty and must be recognised by other sovereign states which ensures territorial integrity
        
        Sovereign authority exists to spatial dimensions too
        
        Space beneath the Earth's surface
        
        Agreed areas of sea and sea-bed resources
        
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        Territorial integrity: Principle that the defined territory of a state can never be broken or infringed
        
        Territorial integrity and sovereignty are interrelated but territorial integrity refers to the inherent rights of a sovereign state
    - - NORMS
        
        Derived from principles and customs, states are obligated to:
        
        Promote friendly international relations
        
        Protect citiszens
        
        Respect human rights
        
        Allow citizens to be involved in government
        
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        Many norms are compatible with the UN Charter and regional organisations like the EU, AU and ASEAN
        
        States that have not been able to fulfill goals outlined rank higher in the Fragile States Index
        
        The states that rank the highest are Yemen, Somalia and South Sudan whereas the lowest are Finland, Switzerland and Austria
        
        INTERVENTION
        
        The action of people in foreign territories to end violations of human rights or resolve conflicts
        
        Economic sanctions like aid reduction or trade embargoes
        
        Military intervention, authorised by the UN
        
        Peacekeeping missions of organisations like the UN or NATO
        
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        GEOPOLITICS
        
        Involves the global balance of political power and international relations but this is globally uneven due to the differences in wealth and strength of political institutions
        
        The UN, EU, MERCOSUR, ASEAN and OPEC exert strong geopolitical influence as well as transnational organisation like TNC's
- - - - Contested territory
        
        Separatism
        
        Sectarian tensions
        
        Transnational movements of terrorist activity
        
        Legacy of colonialism
        
        Contested maritime (sea) boundaries
        
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        Europe caused ethnic partitioning in the 'scramble for Africa'
        
        Like in Syria and Turkey, the movement of foreign fighters, oil and weapons have threatened sovereignty and integrity
        
        Political and ethnic conflict challenging territorial integrity and sovereignty like in the Middle East
        
        Secession by Basque and Catalan nations in France and Spain
        
        Examples: Russia's annexation of Crimea, UK and Argentina's claims over Falkland Islands
    - - Large corporate enterprises that operate in more than one country like Nike with over 530 factories in 41 countries - Nestle, Toyota and Royal Dutch
        
        TNC's have become a driving force in integrating national economies into the global economy and so LIDC's often become reliant
        
        TNC's may invest or disinvest at their own will which affects the lives of numerous people
        
        TNC's HR violations through exploitation, low wages, long hours and use of child labour
        
        State governments often have little control over these malpractices which reduces their ability to protect citizens
      - Supranational institutions
        
        Tiers of governance that are above individual organisation like the UN, WTO, IMF, NATO as well as the EU, ASEAN, MERCOSUR and ECOWAS and to an extent, individual states surrendered aspects of their sovereignty to comply with the international/regional laws
        
        Examples
        
        The European Union (EU)
        
        A trading bloc with its own economic and political union of which there are 27 members/sovereign member states
        
        Benefits of integration to protect state interests like the ability to address transnational issues like air/water pollution and international crime
        
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        United Nations (UN)
        
        193 sovereign states apart of the UN
        
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        Political dominance of ethnic groups
        
        A sovereign state may include more than one ethnic group e.g. South Sudan has 60 different ethnic groups
        
        A large ethnic group may be partitioned by modern state borders like the Kurdish nation as well as the Tuareg homeland
        
        Large ethnic groups sometimes demand full independence and right to self-determination
        
        Example
        
        The Basque Nation
        
        Has a population of more than 3 million and straddles the border between France and Spain
        
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- - - - 2019, the 3 most peaceful countries were Iceland, New Zealand and Portugal whereas the 3 most dangerous countries were Afghanistan, Syria and South Sudan
      - Water supply conflict: KASHMIR
        
        Kashmir is a contested territory between Pakistan and India and the violence has caused lots of internal displacement of families and deaths within the military
        
        However, the Indus is important for irrigation and HEP but Pakistan complains that India affects its water supply through damming the upper course
        
        The rising populations and depleting water resources mean the dispute is escalating in importance
    - - Institutions
        
        The UN
        
        The UN aims to 1) Achieve world peace, 2) Develop strong international relations 3) Foster cooperation amongst nations
        
        The role of the UN has become more difficult to upkeep and so methods of regulating conflict mostly include mediating, observation and preventative diplomacy as opposed to disarmament or treaty-making
        
        NATO: an alliance of European and North African countries
        
        Politically: NATO promotes democratic values and encourages cooperation on defence and security
        
        Militarily: NATO has the military capacity to undertake crisis management
        
        The EU
        
        Conflict prevention through border management, promoting human rights, combatting human trafficking and enhancing cyber security
        
        Non-governmental organisation like NGOs
        
        Provision of humanitarian relief, promoting HR protection
        
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        Treaties
        
        States that sign a treaty are bound to it by international law
        
        Example: 164 countries have signed the treaty relating to the prohibition of stockpiling
        
        Laws
        
        Example: UNCOL - the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
        
        Norms
        
        Newly, cyber conflict is an increasing risk and so 6 new cyber security norms has been proposed by Microsoft
        
        The role of flows of people, money, ideas and technology
        
        Intervening conflicts requires the movement of personnel and transfer of finances such as the UNFIL mission in Lebanon
        
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      - How effective is this global governance
        
        In maintaining sovereignty
        
        Short term intended benefits:
        
        Aid, food, drinking water, medicine, shelter, additional assistance for vulnerable persons and maintain peace and protection through strengthening rule of law
        
        Long term intended benefits:
        
        Agricultural training, education programs, building democratic institutions and supporting democratic processes, uphold human rights and integrate gender equality
        
        In maintaining territorial integrity
        
        Short term intended benefits:
        
        Protection of citizens, negotiate ceasefire, border control, protect human rights of minority groups, warning of potential conflict, rule of law strengthened
        
        Long term intended benefits:
        
        Foster cooperation, develop sustainable food and water supplies, improve trade relationships, cyber defence, restore territory according to international law, support transition to democracy, re-establish state authority