changes in the 21st century have increased the complexity of global migration
conflict and persecution have increased numbers of refugees
the number of refugees worldwide increased from 15.7 million in 2012 to 26.0 million in 2019
in 2019 Syria was still the largest source of refugees and turkey was the largest recipient
of all refugees 85% live in developing countries
globally in 2019, 16.2 million asylum applications were submitted. Russia, Germany and USA were the largest recipients of these
changes in national immigration and emigration policies
some AC's such as the UK, Australia, Canada use a points-based system to satisfy labour shortages in particular sectors.
some developing countries actively encourage emigration, largely to assist in the development through financial benefits of migrant remittances and the skills and ideas brought by returning migrants
Pakistan government is pro-emigration. there are 8 million Pakistanis working abroad and 96% of these are in the gulf cooperation council countries.
migrant remittances amounted to US$20 billion in Pakistan
Canada
Pakistan emigration policy aims to promote the export of Pakistani manpower
potential migrants are ranked on a points based system
January 2015 changes made to policy to address skills gap in labour market e.g IT specialists
development of distinct corridors of bilateral flows
migrant flow between two countries
Brazil and USA but now reduced
factors affecting bilateral migrant flows
social
ease of access and communication between the two countries
former colonial influence such as language
diaspora communities
economic
costs of travel
efficiency and cost of sending remittances
employment and wage differentials
political
migration policy
effects of conflict