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psychopathology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - faulty information processing- when depressed we attend to the negative aspects of a situation and ignore positives.
      - negative self-schemas- a schema is a package of information. they act as a mental framework for the interpretation of sensory information. is self-schema is a package of information we have about ourselves, a negative self schema is when we interpret yourself in a negative way.
      - the negative triad- develops a dysfunctional view of themselves because of three types of negative thinking that occurs automatically regardless of the reality. the negative triad is 3 element we think when we are depression= negative view of the world, negative view of the future, negative view of the self
    - - A-activating event, B-beliefs (irrational), C-consequences
- - - - genes are involved in an individual's vulnerability to OCD, it is passed through generations, OCD can not be certain from genes but it can increase the vulnerability. If these genes are acquired then a stressful experience is necessary to trigger the condition.
        
        candidate genes- researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD. Some of these genes are involved in the regulation of the serotonin system, affecting the efficiency of transport of serotonin across synapses.
        
        OCD is polygenic- OCD is not caused by one single gene but several are involved. it was found that there is 230 genes involved in OCD and they include those associated with dopamine and serotonin, both have a role in regulating moods
        
        different types of OCD- the origin of OCD has different causes (aetiologically heterogeneous).
    - - role of serotonin- a neurotransmitter that helps to regulate mood, relay information from one neuron to another. OCD is caused by the reduction of serration in the brain
      - decision making systems- OCD and hoarding disorders are associated with impaired decision making, thi is associated with abnormal functioning of the sides of the brain called the frontal lobes. The frontal lobes are the part of the brain that are responsible for logical thinking and making decisions.. This suggests that the left parahippocampal gyrus (processes the unpleasant emotions) functions abnormally in OCD.
- - - - panic- cryong, screaming, running away or freezing
      - avoidance- unless they are make effort to face thier fear they tend to go into a lot of effort to not face their fear which can make it nhard to go about faily life
      - endurance- alternative from avoidance, sufferer remains in the presence of the phobic situation but continues to experience high levels of anxiety, this may be unavoidable in some situations.
    - - acquired by classical conditioning- involves learning to associate something of which we initially have no fear (neutral stimulus) with something that already triggers a fear response (unconditioned stimulus).
        
        Little ALbert experiment- Waterson and Rayner- 9 month old baby who at first showed no unusual anxiety, the experiment was set out to make Albert scared of a white rat as whenever the white rat was shown to him they would pair it with a loud noise close to his ear to frighten him.the noise is an unconditioned stimulus and it creates an unconditioned response of fear. Eventually he associated the noise and rat together so when shown the rat he learnt to be scared. This could then be generalised to similar objects where he then showed distress at the sight of all of the other white fluffy things.
      - maintenance by operant conditioning- if fear is not maintained by operant conditioning then it will decline over time, operant conditioning reinforced (rewarded) or punished which increases our behaviour. Negative reinforcement leads to avoiding a situation that is unpleasant which means the behaviour will be repeated.
  - - - very quick as without the option of avoidance the patient quickly learns that the phobic stimulus is harmless, extinction. can also be because the patient becomes exhausted by their own fear response.
      - ethical issues- unpleasant experience so it is important that the patient gives informed consent and given a choice