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Unit 8: Ecology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - photosynthetic organisms
        
        capture energy present in sunlight
      - chemosynthetic organisms
        
        capture energy from small inorganic molecules present in their environment with or without oxygen
  - - - ex: change in heart rate, fat storage, shivering, etc
  - - - metabolize carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins as sources of energy by hydrolysis
  - - - ex: moving into or out of the sun
- - - - learned behaviors
        
        developed as a result of experience or training
        
        walking
        
        talking
        
        riding a bike
      - cooperative behaviors
        
        involves teamwork between organisms of the same species
        
        increase survival and fitness of the pop.
        
        population size
        
        can also depend on
        
        age of reproductive maternity, # of offspring produced, freq. of reproduction, and survivorship of offspring to reprod. maternity
        
        1 more item...
        
        resource availability
        
        can result in uncontrolled population growth and ecological changes
        
        2 more items...
        
        food availability
        
        2 more items...
        
        changes in energy availability
        
        disruptions to an ecosystem
        
        1 more item...
        
        example: hunting in packs
      - innate behaviors
        
        genetically controlled and determined behaviors that can occur without prior training or experience
        
        blinking
        
        breathing
        
        flinching
      - shaped by natural selection
    - - these are used to indicate dominance, find food, establish territory, and ensure reproductive success
        
        tactile
        
        ex: touching, kissing
        
        electrical
        
        ex: echolocation
        
        audible
        
        ex: signaling calls
        
        chemical signals
        
        ex: wound healing
        
        visual
        
        ex: coloration
- - - - population density
        
        how close individuals within a population live near one another
        
        density - dependent factors
        
        abiotic or biotic factors whose effect on population size relies on a population's density
        
        disease
        
        predation
        
        territoriality
        
        competition for resources
        
        density - independent factors
        
        abiotic or biotic factors that affect population size regardless of the population's density
        
        natural disasters
        
        pollution
      - population size
      - population diversity
        
        biotic (living) factors
        
        producers
        
        many populations depend upon them for food and/or habitats
        
        maintain landscapes and reduce erosion
        
        predators
        
        keep prey populations under control (usually have diverse diets)
        
        abiotic (nonliving) factors
        
        sunlight: the more sunlight you have, the more plants that are able to grow
        
        water: the more water you have, the more plants and animals able to be supported
      - population interactions
        
        interactions among populations determine how they access energy and matter
        
        negative
        
        predator - prey
        
        one species uses the other as a food source
        
        parasitism
        
        one species benefits at the harm of the other
        
        neutral
        
        will not have an impact on the species involved
        
        positive
        
        mutualism
        
        both species benefit (+/+)
        
        commensalism
        
        one species benefits, but the other isn't harmed or helped (+/0)
    - - measure using simpson's diversity index
        
        1-sum of (n/N)²
      - species diversity
        
        the variety of species and the quantity of individuals. included in each species within a given community
      - species comp.
        
        the identity of each species in a community
- - - - they are mutations
        
        random changes in the genetic makeup of an individual that could result in different traits or different expression of traits
        
        drive speciation and evolution of a population
        
        increase biodiversity
        
        allow pops. to evolve over time as diff. traits will be selected for or against