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Btech 1 - Coggle Diagram
Btech 1
biomolecules: nucleic acids, acids, protein, carbs, lipids and other metabolites, purification method depends on properties of biomolecule
protein is the target molecule
protein made up of amino acid molecules joined tgt by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide, they are amphoteric(act as both acid and base)
PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY, QUATERNARY
3D structure because of folding process-impt for biological function
properties to be used: solubility, charge, size and biological affinity
biological affinity
protein has a 3D that will interact with other molecules in a specific manner(biospecific interactions)
size
unit for molecular mass is daltons(Da)
methods: gel filtration, SDS-page
charge
protein may contain charged groups on surface,
when pH change, charge on side chains change
low pH: protein accept proton, high pH: protein lose proton
pH at which protein has a net charge of zero is the isoelectric point of the protein
methods:ion-exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing
solubility: depends on composition of amino acid(
polar amino acids on surface of proteins found in cytoplasm, non-polar amino acids on surface of the protein in the cell membrane
) and environmental factors like temp)
non-polar amino acid will make protein less soluble in water(hydrophobic)
hydrophobic interaction chromatography
environmental factors influence the way proteit interact with water
can cause protein to lose solubility and precipitate out(ammonium sulphate precipitation
denaturation can cause protein to lose biological function
keep cell extract cold, add protease inhibitors, prevent introduction of contamination
biopharmeceutical products: vaccines, gene therapy, blood and blood products for transfusion
biofactories: E.coli, yeast, mammalian cells, plant or plant cells
from biological source to biologic: manufacturing process: fermentation, harvesting, lysis, primary recovery, clarification, purification, polishing, buffer exchange, formulation