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Criminology unit 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - reducing crime
      - attempting to reduce crime and maintaining public safety
    - - making sure the public safety
      - done through police patrolling the street, placing curfews, community service
    - - reform offenders
      - attempts to change the offenders mindset in order to try and prevent the offender from recidivating
    - - making the offender give back
      - can be seen through restorative justice
        
        this is when an offender and a victim confront each other, it is a way fro the offender to apologise to the victim
    - - punishing the offender
  - - - given for more minor crimes and still gives a criminal record
      - conditional discharge is when an offender commits another offence and gets punished for that crime and the previous one, can create a fear of punishment and prevent another crime from being prevented
    - - combines punishment and activities into the local area
      - aims to tackle why a person committed a crime
    - - most common for low level and common crimes
      - amount depends on severity of the crime and how much the offender can pay
      - 2015 - 72% offenders received a fine (891,918)
    - - reserved for most serious offences
      - a range of different custodial sentence
        
        Life sentence - mandatory like sentence is when an offender will get 25 years, a whole life sentence is when a person spends the rest of their life in prison without being release
        
        suspended sentence - when an offender does not go to prison straight away
        
        extended sentence - when an offender is released from prison but is continued to be monitored after being released
  - - - retribution
        
        formal type of punishment for the crime
      - reparation
        
        e.g unpaid work in the community
      - rehabilitation
        
        reforming the mindset of the offender
    - - retribution
        
        courts can be punishment enough
      - rehabilitation
        
        courts can be scary enough for the offender and therefore might change their mindset to not commit another crime
      - deterrence
        
        courts can be scary
    - - Reparation
        
        giving money back
      - deterrence
        
        stopping an offender from doing it again as they don't want to financially lose
      - retribution
        
        most common type of punishment, given as it is quick and effective
    - - rehabilitation
        
        going to prison might change the offenders mindset as they are offered rehabilitation programmes
      - deterrence
        
        might reduce crime as people might not want to go to prison again
      - public safety
        
        offenders are not on the streets
      - retribution
        
        it is punishing the offender as they are restricted with what they can do
  - - - social structure is the main cause of crime
        
        crime is caused because of marginalisation, relative deprivation, and subcultures.
    - - favours deterrence as a means of crime prevention
      - rational choice
        
        sees individuals as rational actors who weigh up the costs and benefits before deciding whether to offend. therefore severe punishments and a high chance of getting caught will deter offending
  - - - internalisation of social rules and morality
        
        superego and traditions we follow become our personalities. Both start as things from outside of us e.g - parents rules = superego and culture = tradition
        socialisation is the process by which we internalise these rules. society's rules become our own personal rules and moral code
      - rational ideology
        
        term used to describe the way in which we internalise social rules and use them to tell us what is right and what is wrong.
      - Tradition and culture
        
        ideas that are passed on through family and religion. conforming to a tradition is a way for a person to affirm their identity but also allows for others to accept them within the community
      - these controls our behaviour and come from within ourselves - they're forms of self-control. these help lead us to conform to the norms and rules of society
    - - agencies of social control - organisations and institutions that impose rules on us. They make us behave in a certain way e.g family
      - criminal justice system
        
        police - have the power to stop,search, arrest, detain and question a suspect
        CPS - can charge a suspect and prosecute them in court
        Judges and magistrates - have the power to bail the accused or remand them in custody, and to sentence the guilty to a variety of punishments
        prison service - can detain prisoners against their will for the duration of their sentence and punish prisoners if they misbehave.
      - 🤩coercion
        
        using threat or force in order to make someone do something or to stop someone from doing something. this may in the form of physical or psychological violence.
      - fear of punishment
        
        scaring those that may not have committed a crime in order to make sure that they conform to the social norms
- - - - first reading - government introduces the bill into the commons. this is a formal announcement of the bill
      - second reading - main principles of the bill are considered and the house of common vote on the bill. if the government support the bill it goes onto the next stage
      - committee stage - a group of specialists look into the bill in detail and make any amendments to the bill.
      - report stage - once the group of specialists have looked at the bill they will report any amendments they have made and the bill will be voted on again
      - third reading - final chance for those in the House of Commons to vote on. no further amendments will be made to the bill
      - House of Lords - once the bill passes the third reading it will be sent to the House of Lords. The Lords will amend the bill with any mistakes or what they believe will be suitable to be added to it. The bill may ping pong between the House of Lords and the House of Commons
      - royal assent - once the bill has passed both the House of Commons and the House of Lords the monarch will then have to sign it in order for the bill to become an act.
    - - judicial precedent
        
        where past decisions of a judge create the law for future judges
      - statutory interpretation
        
        judges make laws by the way the interpret the acts that have been passed through parliament - judges need to interpret the meaning of words and apply them to the cases they were judging
  - - - parliament passes acts - these are legislations that constitute the law
      - judges create laws by setting a precedent for other courts to follow or by interpreting the meaning of the laws that have been passed
    - - role to enforce criminal law
      - investigate crimes
      - arrest, detain and question suspects
      - give fixed penalties
    - - magistrates courts deal with less serious offences - deal with 95% of cases
      - crown courts deal with more serious offences and require a jury. the prosecution (CPS) and defence lawyers will present a case for and against the defendant.
      - The Jury (CC) or Judge (MC) decide the verdict - whether the offender is innocent or not
    - - carry out the sentence that is given to the offender
      - prison service supervise the offenders whilst in custody
      - probation service supervise offenders who are serving their sentence in the community - including offenders who have been released on a license to serve their sentence outside of prison - rehabilitation is also offered to offenders
    - - Police👮🏻
        
        Courts = give evidence as a witness. protect vulnerable witnesses. Hold defendants in police cells, transport defendants to and from court
        
        Prison and probation = police arrest prisoners recalled to prison for breaching terms of their probation. police cooperate with the prison and probation service by managing the list of the sex offenders living in their area
        
        CPS =provide evidence in the for prosecution and charge offenders in line with CPS instructions
      - CPS
        
        Police = advise line of enquiry and evidence collection to build a case; instruct the police on charging the suspect
        
        Courts = prepare and present the prosecution case against offenders - preparing appeals against unduly lenient sentence
      - Courts and tribunal service
        
        Courts and Judges = supervising the efficient running of the courts system
        
        Prison service = holding prisoners attending court, pending their transfer or return to pirson; arrange video recordings and live links for prisoners giving evidence from prison
      - Probation Service
        
        Prison service = supervise prisoners on probation
        
        Courts = preparing pre-sentence reports on offender. Supervise offenders who have given a community sentence by the court. Supervising drug testing under the courts order.
      - Prison Service
        
        Courts = carrying out custodial sentences that the court has imposed on the offender; supervising defendants who have been remanded into custody by the court
        
        Police = facilitate interviews with prisoners involved in ongoing police investigations
        
        Probation Service = liaising when a prisoner is to be released from prison on bail.
  - - - believe an offender is 'guilty until proven innocent'
      - once the offender is identified the organisations of the criminal justice system work together like a conveyor belt which allows for the offender to be prosecuted more quickly.
    - - Believe an offender is 'innocent until proven guilty.
      - More human right compliant and the rights of the accused should be protected. This idea is emphasised.
- - - - Aims
        
        ensure the public are protected
        
        prevent, detect and investigate crime
        
        bring offenders to justice
        
        can stop, question, search, arrest, detain and interview people regarding crime
      - Philosophy
        
        attempt to prevent crime
        
        Police ability to perform their duties is dependant on the public corporation and approval
        
        Use physical force as a last resort
      - Funding
        
        £12.3 billion comes from three resources
        
        two thirds from the government
        
        Local council tax
        
        charging service fees i.e football matches
    - - Aims
        
        advise the police on their investigation
        
        assess evidence that has been submitted by the police
        
        constantly review cases
        
        prepare the case for prosecution and present it in court
      - Philosophy
        
        be fair when prosecuting without any bias and always seek to deliver justice
        
        treat everyone with respect
        
        equality and inclusion - to inspire greater confidence within the CPS from victims and witnesses
      - Funding
        
        most funding comes from the government - £500 million
        
        there have been budget cuts in the previous years
        
        budget fell by 25% which led to a third of staff being laid off
    - - Aims
        
        only in a crown court
        
        manage the trail ensuring fairness to all parties
        
        explain any legal issues and procedures to members of the jury
        
        sum up the evidence to the jury
        
        give a suitable sentence if the offender is found guilty
      - Philosophy
        
        judicial oath
        
        competence -> knowledge and ability to do the job
        
        impartiality -> Judge must not show favour of one side compared to the other
      - Funding
        
        senior judges make recommendations to the prime minister on how much judges should make
    - - Aims
        
        protect the public from harm
        
        help people who have been convicted rehabilitate
        
        hold prisoners securely
      - Philosophy
        
        'preventing victims by changing the lives of offenders'
      - Funding
        
        total budget was £3 billion in 2018
        
        resulted in staff cuts - 15% reduction in the number of staff
    - - Aims
        
        priority is to protect the public by rehabilitation offenders and tackling the cause of their offending
        
        partner with the courts and police in order to manage offenders
        
        offenders may be given a community order -> up to 300 hours of unpaid work, curfew or exclusion order and / or group programme like anger management
      - Philosophy
        
        belief that offenders can change for the better and become responsible citizens
        
        believe in the worth and dignity of the individual
        
        commitment to social justice, social inclusion and equality and diversity
      - Funding
        
        Government provides funding for probation service from general tax -> in 2018 the budget was £4.6 billion
        
        government plans to renationalise the probation service into 10 region
    - - Aims
        
        voluntary and non-profit organistion
        
        independent of government control
        
        aim to promote the interests and welfare of groups they are concerned e.g victims and ex-offenders
        
        charities are set to help those in need
      - Philosophy
        
        NACRO (national association for the care and resettlement of offnders. bot a charity and a pressure group that was founded in 1966
        
        it is a social justice charity
        
        seeks to change lives, strengthen communities and prevent crime
      - Funding
        
        NACRO has an income of £50m a year
        
        funding comes from public donations, government grants and contracts for providing services for ex-offenders and others
  - - - recidivism - an offender is reoffending
      - in 2017 recidivism rate of 30%
      - prison population has grown - almost doubled since 1993
      - courts are now giving longer sentences to try and tackle the reason why people are reoffending
    - - short sentences - offenders do not have enough time in prison to deal with the issues that have been brought with issues - there are not enough rehabilitation programmes either
    - - police
        
        2010-18 : budget was cut by 19%
        
        cuts led to a fall in 20,000 police and national shortage of detective
      - CPS
        
        2010-18 : CPS budget was cut by 1/4
        
        led to staff cuts of up to 1/4 and were failing to investigate thousands of case -> this lead to staff lacking to resources to deal with some crimes
      - probation service
        
        probation service is part privatised
        
        led to a staff shortage and an over reliance on agency staff
    - - policies limit the ability of the agencies to achieve social control
      - local policies mean that police can prioritise local needs
        
        evident in London 2017 - 2 week gun amnesty -> 350 guns and 40,000 rounds of ammunition were handed in
  - - - police are responsible for majority of investigation and prevention of crime
      - Success of police in achieving social control
        
        have made progress in prioritising some offences of public concern
        
        increasing cases are now reported and recorded
        
        2017 : two thirds of domestic abuse practitioners felt there had been an improvement by police over a three year period.
        
        police may be better at recording crimes
        
        since 2014, the police have made efforts to improve crime recording e.g domestic abuse
      - limitations
        
        arrest rate has fallen which has led to the police not using bail conditions to protect victims
        
        police can be incompotent