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Acids and Bases - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Acids taste sour
      - Acids can turn moist blue litmus paper red
      - In the aqueous state, acids have free-moving ions to act as mobile charge carriers to conduct electricity.
    - - Acid + Alkali (metal hydroxide) -> Salt + Water
      - Acid + Base (metal oxide/hydroxide) -> Salt + Water
      - Acid + Metal carbonate -> Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
        
        test for carbon dioxide: bubble the gas through limewater (aqueous calcium hydroxide), a white precipitate will be formed if carbon dioxide is present.
      - Acid + Reactive metal -> Salt + Hydrogen gas
        
        test for hydrogen gas: insert a lighted splint into a test tube containing the gas, hydrogen gas will extinguish the lighted splint with a "pop" sound.
        
        unreactive metals: copper, silver, gold
  - - - A weak acid ionises PARTIALLY in water to produce hydrogen ions.
        Examples: Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
    - - A strong acid ionises COMPLETELY in water to produce hydrogen ions.
        Examples: Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Nitric acid (HNO3), Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
  - - - Note: The basicity of an acid is NOT representative of its strength! (eg. Phosphoric acid is a tribasic acid, but it is a weak acid as it does not necessarily ionise to produce all three hydrogen ions at the same time)
- - - - Alkalis taste bitter and are slippery/soapy.
      - Alkalis turn moist red litmus paper blue.
      - In the aqueous form, alkalis have free-moving ions that act as mobile charge carriers to conduct electricity.
    - - Alkali + Acid -> Salt + Water (neutralisation reaction)
      - Alkali + Ammonium salt -> Water + Ammonia gas
        
        Test for ammonia gas: Place a moist piece of red litmus paper at the mouth of the test tube containing the gas, ammonia gas turns moist red litmus paper blue.
  - - - A weak alkali ionises PARTIALLY in water to produce hydroxide ions.
        Examples of weak alkalis: Ammonia
    - - A strong alkali ionises COMPLETELY in water to produce hydroxide ions.
        Examples of strong alkalis: Sodium hydroxide, Potassium hydroxide
- - - - Basic oxides react with only acids to produce salt and water.
        Examples of basic oxides: CaO, MgO, NaO (anything that is not an amphoteric oxide)
    - - Amphoteric oxides react with both acids and alkalis to produce salt and water.
        Examples of amphoteric oxides: Al2O3, ZnO, PbO
  - - - Neutral oxides do not react with either acids or alkalis to produce salt and water.
        Examples of neutral oxides: CO, NO, H2O
    - - Acidic oxides react with only alkalis to produce salt and water.
        Examples of acidic oxides: SO2, CO2, P2O5, NO2