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blood glucose regulation ( 4.4 - 7.5 mml glu/L blood ), *CONSEQUENCES OF…

- - - - ORGANS NEED GLUCOSE : brain, red blood cells, immune cells, nerve cells
- - - - SYMPTOMS : sweet urine due to kidney having to filter out extra glucose, constant thirst due to the water lost by urination to keep sugar levels down. weight is lost despite hunger and eating as body is using fat as an alternate source of energy. the process of fat into energy lowers blood ph ( increases acidity ) causing diabetic ketoacidosis. the high sugar levels in blood and urine can promote fungal and bacterial infections
      - TREATMENT : insulin shots ( with testing kits to guard against sudden falls in glucose ), dietary management, islet transplantation ( body will not destroy as covered with microspheres which protects from destruction against immune system )
  - - - SYMPTOMS : similar to type 1 but may be mild at first increased appetite, increase urine production, extreme thirst, muscle weakness, fatigue, irritability, frequent infections and poor wound healing
      - TREATMENT : regular check of glucose, managing diet to reduce fluctuations, exercise regularly ( glut4 vesicles activate ), reduce weight, reduce blood pressure + smoking, anti diabetic drugs, insulin therapy
  - - - when your body cannot mobilise glucose in blood due to lack of insulin it turns to fat as an alternate source of energy however the breakdown of fat causes ketones to build up which lowers the bloods pH ( makes it more acidic )
        
        ketones can be detected as kidneys try to get rid of the higher levels by leaking it into the urine
        
        Blood being too acidic causes calcium to be removed from bone tissue, blood vessels to deteriorate and the immune system to dysfunction. Eventually all body cells will not be able to continue to function and will die, causing death of the individual.
        Also, decreased insulin leads to dehydration of the cells. Water moves out of the kidney tubules into the blood (high in glucose) by osmosis, so the kidneys do not reabsorb water. This also leads to ion depletion (e.g. K+) and cellular reactions cannot occur, leading to cell death, organ failure.UNFINISHED TAKE NOTES ON VIDEO
        
        t is able to be managed with fluids, insulin therapy, and electrolyte replacements of which have lost
        
        SYMPTOMS are electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, acetone breath, nausea, vomiting
- - - - alpha and beta cells are the endocrine cells which secrete hormones directly into blood. it works by the hormone will only acitvate cells with the specific receptors on the plasma membrane which if match both bind and carry out a response.
        
        hormonal effects are long lasting as they circulate in the blood for some time.
  - - - connected by hypothalamus which is the control centre. anterior pituitary connected by blood vessels and receives neurohormones by capillaries which control release of anterior pituitary hormones. releases hormone regulating activity of adrenal gland ( epinephrine ). as well as releasing glucocorticoid hormones which affect gluconeogenesis.
- - - - once stopping consumption individuals can gain weight as it is no longer suppressing their appetite and the body’s signals are getting through causing individual to eat more. another factor is how nicotine can lower metabolic rate so body burns less calories which can contribute to weight gain as well.
- - - - causes dehydration, reduced ability to access energy so body cannot aerobically respirate well which results in bad decision making/muscle fatigue/weakness/dizzyness/light headedness