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Chemistry Paper 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Eg* atttracted to each other by electrostatic forces cause they are oppositely charged
        
        full outer shell
  - - - can conduct electricity only when melted or dissolved in water
        
        have very high boiling & melting point
        
        They have ionic bonds that are really strong , it retires loads of energy, at very high temp to break the bonds
        
        If there are charged particles that can move eg. Ions or electrons
      - Formulas:
  - - - Simple molecules substance , the atoms are joined bye strong covalent bonds however between the individual molecules there are weak intermolecular forces
  - - - Gives strength to metals
        
        High melting & boiling
        
        malleable
      - Good conductures of electricity and heat cause the delocased electrons can carry electrical currents and thermal energy
  - - - lower melting and boiling point
        
        higher melting and boiling point than simple molecular substance
  - - - Graphemes is a single layer of graphite
        
        good conductor of electricty
        
        they are strong
    - - Eg* buckminsterfullerene
        
        They can used as lubricates and catalyst
- - - - Some hydrocarbons with shortest chain stay gas
  - - - These are the most simple types of hydrocarbons: these groups of compounds are (homologous series)—they all have a similar properties
        
        Formular —-> Cn H*2n + 2
        
        Methane
        
        Ethane
        
        Propane
        
        Butane
        
        1 more item...
        
        These -Alkanes- are saturated compounds= this means every carbon atom has 4 covalent bonds , no double bound
  - - - Shorter Alkanes are more volatile —>evaporate more easily vs longer Alkanes are more viscous —>sticky
        
        Shorther alkanes are more flammable
    - - One of the main uses for hydrocarbons is for fuel cause they release loads of energy as they are burnt (combustion)with oxygen
        
        If there is a lot of oxygen available we get complte combustion this is when:
        
        Hydrocarbon + oxygen= carbon dioxide + water
        
        This release loads of energy resulting to it becoming an (exothermic reaction)
- - - - Rate of reaction = Quantity of reactants used / time taken
      - Rate of reaction = Quantity of products formed / time taken
  - - - If temp increases , particles gain more energy resulting to them moving more frequently meaning the particles will collide with more energy each time
        
        Higher rate of successful collisions = Higher rate of reaction
    - - 1) the more energy particles have the more energy can be transferred , the more likely they are to pass the minimum activational energy
        
        Frequency of collision, the more often they collide the more successful collision
    - - when pressure or concentration is increased = more particles per unit of volume — causing collision to be more frequent- increasing the rate of reaction
    - - The smaller the pieces the greater the area of exposed surface is this increases the frequency of coillision - also the rate of reaction
    - - Substance that speed up a reaction withought being used up in the reaction
      - It lowers the activational energy by providing a alternative reaction path way, this means there would be a higher por position of successful colllision
  - - - Exothermic = reacfioon which release energy from particles into the surroundings
        Endothermic = Reaction which takes energy from the surroundings.
      - This happens in a closed system meaning no reaction or product are able to leave