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semantics, SEMANTIC ROLES/thematic role:, Lexical Semantics, Structural…
semantics
what the words conventionally mean, rather than on what a speaker might want the words on a particular occasion
basic essential components of meaning which are conveyed by the literal use of a word. E.g. "needle in English might mean thin sharp steel instrument "
Associative Meaning:
you may have ‘associations’ or ‘connotations’ attached to a word. ‘needle’ with/to ‘pain’ , or ‘illness’, or ‘drugs’
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Lexical Semantics
Antonymy
two forms with opposite meanings. EX. Dark : light , Hot : Cold
Hyponymy
Refers to the relationship when the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another.
E.g.: Daffodil= Flower , dog= animal
Homonymy
Refers to one word has two or more completely unrelated meanings. Bat : A flying mouse like-mammal , A piece of wood used in baseball
Polysemy
one word has two or more related meanings.
EX .Bright : shining, intelligent
Homophony
Refers to two or more different written words have the same pronunciation. EX. Bare – Bear , Meat – Meet
Synonymy
Two or more forms (words) with very closely related meanings. EX. begin : start , remember : recall
Collocation
Frequently occurring together is known as collocation . EX, if you say ‘table’ they will mostly say ‘chair
Structural Semantics
Paraphrase
Refers to two sentences which are different in structure but have the same meaning. EX.
a. Rebecca got home before Robert.
b. Robert arrived at home after Rebecca
CONTRADICTION:
Two sentences cannot be both true. If one is true, the other must be false. EX. a. Ali is sleeping.
b. Ali is awake.
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Semantic Features
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E.g. The hamburger ate the man. NP V NP
The previous sentence is syntactically good, but semantically odd.