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management strategies to protect the global water cycle - Coggle Diagram
management strategies to protect the global water cycle
forestry
forestry is the science or practice of planting, managing, and caring for forests.
it is recognised by multilateral agencies such as the UN and world bank. they work with other organisations and governments, fund programmes to protect tropical forests.
the amazon regional protected areas programme now covers nearly 128 million acres of the amazon basin, with a target of 150 million acres.
areas in the programme are strictly protected and there was a 75% decrease in deforestation rates between 2000 and 2012
benefits:
stabilising regional water cycle
offsetting 1.4 billion tonnes of carbon a year
supporting indigenous forest communities
water alllocations
in countries of water scarcity, governments have to make difficult decisions on the allocation of water resources
agriculture is by far the biggest consumer, globally it accounts for 70% of water withdrawls and 90% of consumption.
wastage of water occurs through evaporation and seepage through inefficient water management.
ways to minimise water losses -
mulching, zero-soil disturbance and drip irrigation
losses to run-off on slopes can be reduced by terracing, contour ploughing and the insertion of vegetative strips
recovery and recycling of waste water from agriculture, industry and urban populations is technically feasible but as yet little used outside the developed world
in the Colorado basin water resources are allocated to California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and New Mexico.
drainage basin plannings
management of water resources is most affective at the drainage basin scale
agriculture, industry, leisure, wildlife, recreation and domestic use generate demands that impact on water quality, river flow, groundwater levels, wildlife habitats, biodiversity etc
rapid run0-off is controlled by reforestation programmes in upland catchments, reducing artificial drainage and extending permeable surfaces (e.g green roofs) in urban areas
surface water storage is improved by conserving and restoring wetlands, including temporary storage
groundwater levels are maintained by limiting abstraction and by artificial recharge, where water is injected into aquifers through boreholes
in England and Wales drainage basin management - under the EU's water directive framework, ten river basin districts have been defined. e.g the Severn, Thames. each district has its own river basin management plan. plan sets targets in relation to e.g water quality, abstraction rates, groundwater levels, flood control