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reactions of aldehydes and Ketones - Coggle Diagram
reactions of aldehydes and Ketones
Oxidation
ketone
only one reagent that can oxidized Ketones : R-CO3H or peroxyacid which can convert it to esters , this reaction is called Beayer-Villiger Oxidation , for unsymmetrical Ketones : Oxygen prefer the side which has more carbons .
Aldehyde
oxidation of aldehydes using any of oxidizing agents will gives carboxylic acid ( weak : PCC, Periodinane , AgO2 ( Tollen's test) / strong : KMnO4 ,HNO3 ,H2CrO4 ) , Ag (NH3)2+ with H2O is called Tollen's test which is has silver Mirror test because of silver ion
nucleophilic addition : ( aldehyde are faster than Ketone , because of : 1- steric less, and 2- its inductive effects ( IE) which is mean poshing e- away / less crowded .
add H2 or called reduction
aldehydes and ketones are able to reduced by both reducing agents : ( LiALH4 , or NaBrH4 ) , aldehydes will produce primary alcohol and Ketones will produce secondary alcohols , but the other type of reduction will produce alkanes
H2O hydration
hydration is reversable reaction : adding water to aldehyde or ketone to produce geminal diol
HCN
ketone and aldehyde react with HCN, to produce cyanohydrin, which can later used to produce cooh by hydrolysis and amin by LiAlH4 reduction
MgX ( Grignard reagent )
aldehyde or ketone with Grignard reagent forming alcohols( formaldehyde produce 1
alc , aldehyde produce 2
alc , and the ketone produce 3*alc )
Ammonia derivatives
Alcohols
Acetal formation : add alc to aldehyde or ketone and the product will be hydroxy ethers called : hemiacetal when the starting material was aldehyde, but it is called hemiketal when the starting material was ketone , and 2*alc will react with only one aldehyde
phosphorus ylide
aldol condensation
iodoform test
Reductions:
Clemenson reduction
Ketone +Zn/Hg in ((acidic media)) --> R-CH2-R
wolff-Kishner reduction
Ketone + Hydrazine(H2NNH2) and KOH in basic media ---> R-CH2-R'