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CONTROL OF THE CELL CYCLE - Coggle Diagram
CONTROL OF THE CELL CYCLE
External event
Inhibit
human growth hormone
(HGH or hGH)
lack HGH
hội chứng người lùn (dwarfism)
too much HGH
bệnh người khổng lồ (gigantism)
inititate
cell size
cell grow
decrease S/V
Internal checkpoint
G1 Checkpoint
restriction point
the cell irreversibly commits to the cell division process.
pass
trigger by external signals: GH...
not enough standard
stop cell cycle to repair
cell in G0 Phase
check for genomic DNA damage
Reserve protein and cell size
G2 checkpoint
all of the chromosomes have been replicated
not enough standard
stop cell cycle to repair
complete DNA replication
repair the damage DNA
replicated DNA is not damaged.
M checkpoint
spindle checkpoint
near end of metaphase
kinetochores of each sister chromatid + spindle microtubules from opposite poles of the cell.
Reason
anaphase
= separation each chromatid, irreversible step
if not
the cell cycle will not proceed
Regulator Molecules
positive regulation
cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
external and internal signals.
Increases in the concentration
cell moves to the next stage
degraded by cytoplasmic enzymes
mechanism of activation of cyclin/Cdks complex
https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20230220.155442/resources/05d9317332c2e2523da838d2d6fec035b1d21eef
concentration
Cyclin: fluctuate
https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20230220.155442/resources/820dab43661ce8ccfc9631dd8abb1f485e5397bf
Cdks: stable
Cdks + Cyclin: specific point
regulate different checkpoints.
progress of the cell to the next phase
negative regulation
stop the cell cycle
retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, p21.
damaged or non-functional in cells
in G1 checkpoint
p53-multi-functional protein
damaged DNA is detected
halts the cell cycle
recruits specific enzymes to repair
can not repair
p53 can trigger apoptosis, or cell suicide,
p53 increase
p21 increase
halts the cell cycle
p21 regulates p53 binding to and inhibiting the activity of the Cdk/cyclin complexes.
Rb
mechanism of action
https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20230220.155442/resources/73c0b8a3698c3c2394afa22291ef62e804e7f358
monitor cell cycle