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learning theories - Coggle Diagram
learning theories
content
classical conditioning
- learning through association
stage 1: before conditioning (UCS produces UCR, also NS)
stage 2: during conditioning, NS associated with UCS to create CS
stage 3: after conditioning (CS has been associated with UCS to create CR)
evaluation:
supporting studies:
pavlov ( salivating dogs)
Watson and Rayner (little Albert)
capons ( systematic desensitisation to flying)
pavlov:
aim- study how the cerebral cortex works in making associations and look for mechanisms linking reflexes to cerebral cortex
procedures:
neutral stimuli- bell
neutral studious paired with food to condition new stimulus to produce same response
dog isolated in small, soundproof room and attached to device measuring saliva
sounded metronome before giving food powder
dog salivated to metronome alone
results:
- salivated after 9 seconds and 11 drops were collected by 45 seconds
- dog had to be alerted with no other stimuli
- pavlov tested whether same results would be acquired form neutral stimuli eg vanilla odour
- dog showed stimulus generalisation to similar tones and discriminated between very different tones
evaluation
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high validity due to being highly scientific, elimination of extraneous variables, animals dont have participant variables like humans
low validity since unable to measure brain activity and had to assume what was happening in cerebral cortex
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criticisms of supporting studies:
- animal research used
- little Albert was single case experiment
application:
- treatment of phobias eg systematic desensatisation
nature v nurture: supports nature over nurture and emphasis on learning from environment
reductionist: complex behaviours broken down
deterministic: doesn't allow for free will
operant conditioning
- rewarded and punished for our behaviour
positive reinforcement: something desired is given in response to behaviour
negative reinforcment: something undesired is taken away in response to desired behaviour
punishment: something bad is given in response to behaviour, behaviour is stopped
skinner:
- recorded bahviour in response to different consequences using shaping (gradual reinforcement)
- conducted experiment of cat in box to teach it to hit a latch a hatch to open a door
- described ABC model of operant conditioning to illustrate theory
Antecendent (comes immediately before, help understand what's prompting behaviour)
Behaviour (anything the individual does)
Consequences (anything directly after)
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evaluation
supporting studies:
throrndike (taught cat how to open door)
skinner (trained several animals to hit lever)
simek and obrien (aplied OC to teaching golf and basketball)
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opposing studies:
- fails to take cognitive factors into account when considering learning
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