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preparation of aldehyde and ketone - Coggle Diagram
preparation of aldehyde and ketone
Aldehydes R-COH
oxidation
1*alcohol
primary alcohol is oxidized by mild reagent (PCC, periodinane): removing 2 Hydrogen atoms form primary alcohol to produce aldehyde R-COH
Alkene (=)
Alkene (=) is oxidized by O3 : breaking pi and sigma bonds together, then add Oxygen atom for both parts to produce aldehyde and( Ketone as well )
Reduction
esters
Esters R-COO-R are reduced by special agent that called : DIBAH , which is breaks the CO-O bond and add 2 hydrogen atoms to each side to produce aldehydes and alcohols
Acid chloride
the acid chloride reduced by LiAlH4 ,breaking the bond between Cl and CO-R then add 2H for both sides , to produce aldehyde and HCl
Hydrolysis
Alkynes
Alkynes hydrolysis by adding H2O2 and water , breaking only One pi bond then adding one side OH and the other one H with following ( anti-Marchenko rule ). then keto-enol-tautomerism happened . to produce aldehydes
Ketones R-CO-R'
oxidation
alkyne
using KMnO4 to break the pi and sigma bond then add one oxygen atom on each side to produce ketone and aldehyde ( which is will be oxidized to carboxylic acid) .
2* alcohols
secondary alcohol will be oxidized by an O3 or KMnO4 with (ch3)2S, removing 2 hydrogen atoms to create a double bond between O and C, the product will be ketone.
hydrolysis with water and Alkyne
HgSO4 is the catalyst that is used to break the pi bond and add OH and H following the Markonkf rule, then Keto-enol tautomerism happened . the terminal will porduce aldehyde and intermenal are producing ketone
H2O2 is used to breaking the pi bond and adding OH and H following anti markonkof rule then keto-enol tautomerism happened to have Ketone as end product
Acylation of benzene or Friedel-Crafts Acylation
using AlCl3 with heat ( which is breaking bond unfair cleavage ) to produce ketone .