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Attention - Coggle Diagram
Attention
Selective attention
Dichotic Listening(雙耳分聽實驗)
受試者兩耳分別被輸入不同訊息
受試者被要求專注於其中一耳
受試者無法報告出另一耳所被輸入的內容
Cherry's results
unattended ear processed at some level
change in gender is noticed
Knew that there was a message
change to a tone is noticed
unattended ear didn't notice
change language
change topic, same speaker
if speech was played backwards
Cocktail party phenomenon(雞尾酒會效應)
可以過濾掉環境中的其他對話和噪音,將注意力集中在某段對話
注意到名字/非母語環境容易注意到母語
Selection Models (When)
【Intermediate】 Tresiman's attenuation theory
Attended message的激發門檻較低,容易被激發(full strength)
Unattended message門檻較高,較難激發(weaker strength)
Attenuator(削弱器):根據physical characteristics/language/meaning分析資訊
不注意,還是會處理(處理程度不同)
【Late】 e.g.McKay
先處理,再去注意(才能因為處理後的語意去分析語意模糊的句子)
左耳(注意)播放They are throwing stones at the bank(bank有銀行/河流的意思)右耳播放river或money
【Early】 Broadbent's filter model
Sensory memory → Filter → Detecter(Only attended message is passed on to the next stage)
based on physical characteristics
不注意,就不處理
Couldn't explain
Cherry的實驗(右耳仍然有注意到聲音性別等等)
雞尾酒會效應(遠處的對話仍有可能吸引自己的注意)
不注意但有處理的現象
Dear Aunt Jane實驗(左耳聽到Dear/Seven/Jane,右耳聽到Nine/Aunt/Six,要求受試者反覆聽左耳並覆誦,受試者會說出Dear Aunt Jane,代表大腦其實有處理右耳並傾向注意語意相關)
Task load
High-load: 佔用高度認知資源,沒辦法注意到分心物(distractor)
low-load: 不需太多認知資源,有能力注意到其他分心物
處理一項作業的認知資源
Focused attention and search
Covert Attention
Precueing: directing attention without moving the eyes
Visual attention
location-based(從一個位置到另一個位置)
Object-based(注意一個物體)
Eye Movement(Overt attention)
Bottom-up Determinants
依賴刺激物特徵去處理資訊
顏色、動作高度顯著
Top-down Determinants
大腦中的經驗知識和期望去做高層次思維引導
determined by action/task
e.g. 字的順序錯亂還是看得懂語意
Physiology of Attention
Attention map, landscape:用以預測注意力
Attentional networks
Ventral: Bottom-up processes
Dorsal: Top-down processes
處理過程橫跨整個大腦皮層、神經激發回應
3 subfunctions of attention
Alerting
parietal cortexes, locus coeruleus
Orient
Executive
anterior cingulate, lateral ventral, prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia
Feature-Integration Theory (FIT)
feature search: 尋找特徵,執行速度較快
Conjunction search: 連結兩種以上的特徵,較費時,需要有意識的注意
done in parallel
Mostly bottom-up processing
Sustained attention
Signal detection
vigilance(警覺)
Waiting to detect a signal
decrease overtime (fatigue)
misses and false alarms increase
Divided attention
The Attentional Resources Theory
Domain-general
Domain-specific