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Module 6: Genetic Change, hi - Coggle Diagram
Module 6: Genetic Change
Mutations
Mutagens
Electromagnetic radiation sources
electromagnetic spectrum- wavelengths light
UV, x ray and gamma rays
ionising potential
strips electrons from atoms
damages dna
Chemicals
often ingested/ environmental
Naturally occurring mutagens
biological
viruses, bacteria
mercury, cadium
environment agent causing mutation
cause misreading and mess with replication
mutagensis, cancer
Types
Point mutation
changes to single base pair of DNA
affects single gene
causes frameshift mutation
affecting sequence
insertion
deletion
Chromosomal mutation
entire chromosome
Somatic
change in DNA sequence
affecting part organism
skin, liver cancer
non coding
INTRONS
does not transcribe and translate
Causes of genetic variation
fertilisaiton
fusion of female and male haploid gametes
forms zygote
meiosis
mutation
genetic flow
new alleles in a population
emigration
immigration
germline
gives rise to gametes
sickle cell, tay-sachs
coding
EXONS
can transcibe and translate
mutations affect sequece of amino acids
affecting phenotype
genetic drift
changes in allele frequency
random chance
indiviudals are different
Biotechnology
social and ethical implications
shared nature & ownership of genetic info
responsiblity: duty of care
relatives
limitations
health factors
predictive testing
emotional impact
informed consent
discrimination
prenatal testinh
concerns on embryo/ fetus
inappropriate use
boundaries set
potential for abuse?
future use
vaccine production
Selective breeding
Freisian cows to produce large volumes of milk
combined traits better for the environment
fewer crop variation
CRISPR
produce coronavirus resistant pigs
controlling infectious diseases in livestock
Genetic technologies
uses and advantages
reproductive technologies
artifical insemination
selective breeding
sperm male w desirable traits
artificially transferred to female
used w large/ endangered mammals
artificial pollination
pollen from plant w desirable traits
artificially transferred to female (stigma)
colour, size, yield
decreased genetic variation
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increased susceptibility to changes
cloning
whole organism
SCNT
gene cloning
recombinant DNA technologies
genetically identical copies
no sexual reproduction
used commonly in plant agriculture
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grafting
transgenic organisms
agricultural
medical
gene moved
insertion increases variation
cloned= decreased variation
agricultural
Golden rice
reducing vitamin a defiency
increased immune system
reducing gene pool
threatening biodiversity
breeding with wild animals
GMO rice entering non GMO crops
Bt cotton
kills off pests
improved sustainability
disrupts gene flow
beneficial caterpillars killed?
medical
insulin producing bacteria
providing diabetics w insulin
industrial
spider silk'
spiders' silk spinning gene
commercial purposes
effect on biodiversity
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