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Module 6: Genetic change - Coggle Diagram
Module 6: Genetic change
How does mutation introduce new alleles into a population?
mutagens
electromagnetic
UV
the more energetic the more dangerous
more ionising
chemical
ingested or environmental
ability to change nucleotide
change shape or structure, get in between
alcohol, tobacco
naturally occurring
normal in environment
non -biological
mercury
biological
viruses, fungi, bacteria
environmental factor causing mutations by altering DNA
mutations
germline
mutation occurs in sexual reproductive cells
mutation formed within embryo
affects genetic variety
sickle cell, cystic fibrosis
somatic
occurs in all cells excepet sex cells
replication errors prior to mitosis
phenotypes are different skin cancer, liver cancer, brain tumors
point
single nucleotide variation
substitution
nucleotide base replaced with another
nonsense - change of amino acid to stop codon
missense - changes amino acid sequence
change in functionality of protein
frameshift
insertion
inserting nucleotide base into DNA sequence
deletion
removing nucleotide base
base shift entire RNA
new incorrect sequence of amino acids
chromosomal
changes to a series of bases within chromosome
large scale changes
overall structure is changed
DNA
coding
exons - sequence of DNA transcribes and translated into protein
mutations effect amino acids making up the protein
non-coding
sequence does not transcribe and translate into a protein
separate one exon from another
determine when genes are switched 'on' or 'off'
genetic variation
mutation, gene floe and genetic drift effect
How do genetic techniques affect Earth's biodiversity?
applications of biotechnology
social and ethical
potential benefits
changes to Earth's biodiversity
How does artificial manipulation of DNA have the potential to change populations forever?
artificial insemination
cloning
whole organism
dolly the sheep
creating genetically identical organisms using somatic cells
somatic cell nuclear transfer
gene
selecting a gene and inserting it into another DNA of an organism, to make identical copies of the gene
production of exact copies
asexual reproduction
identical twins
bacteria
transgenic organisms
transatlantic salmon
benefits of biotechnology on agriculture
increase production of agriculture
herbicide and pesticide resistance