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Science - End of Year, Chemical Reactions :explode: - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Dissection
        
        The heart is a large muscular pump and is divided into two halves - the right-hand side and the left-hand side.
        
        The right-hand side of the heart is responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
        
        The left-hand side pumps oxygenated blood around the body.
        
        Each side of the heart consists of an atrium and a ventricle which are two connected chambers.
        
        Cross-section of the heart, showing the right atrium, right venticle, tricuspid valve, septum, left atrium, left ventricle, bicuspid valve, and semilunar valves.
        
        The atria (plural of atrium) are where the blood collects when it enters the heart.
        
        The ventricles pump the blood out of the heart to the lungs or around the body.
        
        The septum separates the right-hand and left-hand side of the heart.
        
        The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle and opens due to a build-up of pressure in the right atrium.
        
        The bicuspid valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle and likewise opens due to a build-up of pressure, this time in the left atrium.
        
        The semilunar valves stop the back flow of blood into the heart. There is a semilunar valve where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and another where the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle.
      - Structure
        
        Your heart has a left side and a right side, they are separated by a thin muscular wall called the Septum. Both sides of your heart have an upper chamber and a lower chamber. the lower chambers are called the left ventricle and the right ventricle.
      - Diseases
        
        Unstable angina. Unstable angina can be diagnosed chest pain or a sudden worsening of existing angina.
        
        Heart attack.
        
        Heart failure.
        
        Arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythms)
        
        Valve disease.
        
        High blood pressure.
        
        Congenital heart conditions.
        
        Inherited heart conditions.
    - - Breathing
        : to draw air into and expel it from the lungs : respire. broadly : to take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide through natural processes
    - - Fermentation is a process in which sugars are transformed into a new product through chemical reactions carried out by microorganisms. Since ancient times, humans have taken advantage of the natural fermentation process to develop many products, including foods, medicines, and fuels.
  - - - Efficiency is Output Divided by Input
      - Power = Work / Time
      - Density = Mass / Volume
      - Pressure = Force / Area
    - - Internal Energy is the internal state of the substance, when coolded or heated, the bonds could break or form new ones, this also controls the speed of the atoms within the substance
    - - Convection
        
        Convection is the rising motion of warmer areas of a liquid or gas, and the sinking motion of cooler areas of liquid or gas, sometimes forming a complete cycle. However, it is often difficult to see, particularly within the air.
      - Conduction
        
        Conduction is the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules. Conduction occurs more readily in solids and liquids, where the particles are closer together than in gases, where particles are further apart.
      - Radiation
        
        Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed of light. This energy has an electric field and a magnetic field associated with it, and has wave-like properties. You could also call radiation electromagnetic waves.
    - - Temperature deals with molecular kinetic energy
      - Heat is the transfer of thermal energy.
  - - - Pure Mixtures are made of only 1 element, Impurities in a substance changes the Melting and Boiling Point
      - Mixtures are substances combined but not chemically bonded
    - - Filtration - This is when you want to seperate an insoluble solid from liquid. This works by having the filter have very tiny holes, so the particles of water go through, but the solid dosent.
      - Crystallization - This is Evaporation over longer periods of time, when this occurs, crystals form in the heated area, these are often salt crystals
      - Chromatography - Where you dissolve a substance in a liquid, then move the liquid up to show the former reactants
      - Distillation - This is used to separate substances, this is achieved by heating up the mixture to where certain substances boil, then they rise up and cool down so the purer liquid is separated from the others
    - - Alloys are mixtures of multible elements (1 has to be metal or both) which tries to make a substance with the benifits of both elements.
    - - Dissolving is the process that in which a solid dissolves into a liquid.
      - Soulbility is the effect that a solid dissolves into a liquid
    - - The water cycle describes how natural processes move water between living and non-living stores. All humans rely on safe drinking water. Water is purified to remove insoluble and soluble substances. Salt can be removed from sea water to make it safe to drink. Waste water must be treated before being released into the environment.
- - - - Female Reproduction System
        
        the vagina is where the penis goes during sexual intercourse, releases urine through the waste cycle
        
        the ovi ducts are tubes that connect the ovaries to the utterus
        
        Ovarues are the underdeveloped eggs in the system, fertilisation takes place here
        
        The uterus (womb) is where babies grow
        
        the cervix is the muscle surounding the womb
      - Fertilistation/Gamates
        
        Once the sperm is in the female, the semen will carry it to the cervix, which is relaxed due to the sexual intercourse. Alot of sperm die just to get into cervix, once there and at the fallopian tubes, half of the sperm go to the wrong one, finally some sperm reach the egg and only 1 reaches the nucleaus and the chromosones unite, 24 male and female chromosones exactly, This is fertilisation.
        
        During Sexual Intercourse, Semen is released from the mans body into the female, the semen is sperm mixed with the nutrients needed to sustain it, after that, nearly 300 million sperm enter per ejaculation, only 1 will fertilise the egg.
        
        gametes are sex cells which are produced by the different genders (male or female). sperm is the male human gamete and egg is the female human gamete. the plant male gamete is pollen and the plant female gamete is the seed
  - - - Speed is a measure of how fast an object is moving.
      - Speed is stated as a length per unit of time. For example a speed could be 70 miles per hour, while another speed could be 45 metres per second.
      - Calculate speed using the speed equation - speed = distance divided by time. The speed equation can be rearranged to find distance travelled and time taken.
    - - Stopping Distance is the time it takes to stop from a certain speed to 0 while moving
      - Thinking distance and Braking Distance
        
        Thinking Distance between seeing something and then doing something to slow down
        
        Braking Distance is the time it takes for the slowing factor to slow you down until stopping
    - - Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. momentum is also a vector quality - this means it has both a magnitude and a direction.
      - P = MV
        
        Mass (m) is measured in kilograms (kg).
        
        Velocity V is measured in metres per second (m/s)
        
        Momentum (p) is measured in kilogram metres per second (kgm/s).
      - For example an elephant has no momentum when it is standing still. When it begins to walk it will have momentum in the same direction as t is travelling. The faster the elephant walks the larger the momentum will be
    - - Up means the object is traveling away from the place and vice verca
      - Flat lines mean the object is stationary
      - The steeper the slope the faster the speed .
    - - Drag Forces
        
        Drag forces are like friction types, eg, water, air and other elemental resistances reduce speed to varying degrees
      - Ways to reduce it
        
        Lubrication is where oil or grease are put on object to make it slippery/ less friction
      - Friction
        
        Friction is where particles are in the way of others, the blocked particles use some energy to either move past or push the blocking particle out of the way
    - - to find out mass, you need to divide force by acceleration
      - to figure out the force of something, you need to times the mass by the acceleration
      - Acceleration is the increase of somethings speed or rate
      - to find out acceleration, you need to divide the change in speed by time.
    - - Force
        
        Mass x acceleration
      - Friction
        
        Coefficient of friction x normal force
      - Stopping distance
        
        Thinking distance + braking distance
      - Speed
        
        Distance travelled / Time taken
      - Momentum
        
        Mass x velocity
- - - - Physical
        
        An example of a physical reaction is ice melting to make water. It is a reaction where no new product is made.
      - chemical equations
        
        2 oxygen + 1 carbon= carbon dioxide. bromine+chlorine=bromine chloride
        chlorine + iodine= chlorine iodide
    - - They are used all-over our life, this could include: Baking/Cooking food; Digestion and the human bodies' reaction; writing and many more as these are all things we do everyday
    - - Colour Change
      - State Change
      - Fizzing
      - Sound
      - Bubbling
      - Light