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W9/10 Psychopathology, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental…

- - - - Fast acting neurotransmitter
        
        Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter (promote future things happening), too much of it lead to → schizophrenia
        
        Low level of GABA → High level of anxiety: Because GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, when released into synapse, it stopes things from happening things down the track.
      - Slow acting neurotransmitter
        
        Too much dopamine (responsible for reward learning/addiction) → poor impulse control
        
        Serotonin (responsible for thinking and processing info about environment), too little of it → anxiety and depression
        
        Norepinephrine (responsible for emergency situation), too much → anxiety
    - - Something stressful triggers the HPA axis → Hypothalamus release Corticotropin release hormone (CRH) → Feeds into Anterior Pituitary gland → Release Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) → Feeds into Adrenal cortex → Release cortisol into blood stream (help release glucose to burn energy allow us to run fast, inhibit pain, shut off organ system that we don’t need such as digestive system)
  - - - Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning
        
        Paring bell (CS) with food; CR-salivate [CS predicts unconditioned stimulus]
        
        You don't have to experience the paring itself, but observing the paring or being told could also establishes the conditioning (e.g. being told that the cockroaches is scary)
      - Instrumental/Operant (Skinner) Conditioning
        
        Positive/Negative Reinforcement/Punishment
  - - - Cognitive distortions: An exaggerated or irrational thought pattern involved in the onset and perpetuation of psychopathological states
      - Attentional bias: The tendency for people's perception to be affected by their recurring thoughts at the time
      - Self-efficacy: The belief that one can achieve desired goals
- - - - When mania :arrow_right: Norepinephrine:arrow_double_up:
      - When depressed :arrow_right: Serotonin:arrow_double_down:
  - - - Preparedness Theory: Biological predisposition to fear objects (e.g. Afraid of sneaks) → Live longer [BUT being challenged]
        Challenge: due to our own learning history in the lifetime (We told that guns, snakes are dangerous)
      - Not a problem if not always encountering it (No active avoidance)
      - Only empirically supported treatment: Exposure Therapy
    - - Main criteria: Negative evaluation
      - Transitory (short term) shyness → Shy personality → Non-generalised social phobia (only two or three situation, or just public speaking) → Generalised social phobia (Distress on almost all social situation) → Avoidance Personality Disorder (afraid that even family members might negative evaluate you)
    - - Main criteria: Person has to have panic attack
      - Difference between panic & anxiety disorder
        PD: Afraid of the panic attack cause by the stimulus
        AD: Afraid of the stimulus itself
      - Not attribute to medical condition
    - - Excessive anxiety/worry about everyday life events
        e.g. Am I going to get that task done on time? Is the boss unhappy? Am I able to pay the bill?
      - Certain about bad things are going to happen in the future but uncertain about the future in general
      - They use worry to protect themselves, to plan and predict the future, ready for the bad thing happening. So for them worry is not a bad thing
  - - - Obsessions AND Compulsions (90% is AND)
      - Intrusive and unwanted thoughts (highly religious has a atheist thought, straight people has a gay though)
      - Compulsion: Doing certain rituals until it FEELS RIGHT, BUT doing that reminds them of the obsessions :arrow_right: new urge to compulsion :arrow_right: spiral out of control
        
        It could take up from an hour to 8 hours or more of someone’s day
        
        And Some of the rules doesn’t make anything sense (e.g. pick the 4th object - email in the list, unless the child could die)
      - OCD ≠ ‘I just like things in a certain way’
      - Only Treatment: Exposure and response prevention (ONLY treatment)