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Economic Activities - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Textile
    - - Pharmaceutical
    - - Automobile
    - - Furniture
    - - Pulp
    - - Heavy Industries
    - - Electrical
    - - Electronic
    - - Oil refinery
    - - Petrochemicals
  - - - Fresh milk, Electricity, Capital, Labour, Services, Water, Telephone
  - - - Factory- manual work, machine work, packaging, office work
  - - - Butter, yogurt, cheese, buttermilk
- - - - Process: Ploughing (Soil), Weeding, Pruning
      - Output: Harvesting, Winnowing, Fermentation, Cleaning, Packaging
      - INPUT: Fertilisers, Pesticides,Sowing (Seeds), Irrigation (Water)
      - Input: barns, Livestock, Pastures / Bales of hay
      - Output: Milking, Shearing, Butchering, Refrigeration, Packaging
      - Process: Cleaning, Branding, Medical Checkup, Grazing/feeding
      - Types of Farming:
        
        ARABLE FARMING
        
        Ploughing the land and growing crops on a field.
        
        summers are generally warm
        
        Production:
        
        Food crops (a) Cereals (wheat, rice) (b) fodder (oats) (c) vegetables (potatoes)
        
        Beverage crops (tea, coffee)
        
        Fibre crops (jute, cotton)
        
        Cash crops (sugarcane)
        
        Ideal location:
        
        Deep, fertile soil. well drained
        
        Sunny summers (kharif) or cool winters (rabi).
        
        Modern machinery.
        
        Distance from market. (nearby in case of heavy [potato] or perishable [strawberry] crops)
        
        Summers- sunshine to ripen crops
        
        winters- kill diseases, break up soil
        
        Problems
        
        high winds, summer thunderstorms, dry summers- irrigate the land, flooding
        
        Pastoral Farming
        
        Animals are reared on grasslands for grazing animals
        
        Production:
        
        Sheep: meat (mutton), wool
        
        Cows: meat (beef), milk, glue, horn
        
        Pigs: meat (pork, ham, bacon)
        
        Goat: meat (mutton), milk, fur
        
        Poultry: meat, eggs
        
        Ideal location:
        
        Sheep: cold, low rainfall/snowfall, steep slopes, infertile soil, poor quality grass
        
        Cows: warm, moist, rainfall, flat / gentle slopes, fertile soil, good quality grass
        
        Beef cattle can be reared farther from markets as compared to dairy cattle.
        
        MIXED FARMING
        
        Both crops and animals are reared in the same area
        
        Production: Animal and plant products
        
        Examples:
        
        Aquaculture after harvesting rice paddies
        
        Leguminous plant like beans and lentils grown with corn, tomatoes, cabbage, lettuce, etc.
        
        Ideal location:
        
        Good quality soil
        
        Gently sloping land for operating heavy machinery
        
        Moderate climate: not too wet, not too dry, not too cold, not too hot
        
        Good roads
      - Types of Farms
        
        INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
        
        Practised in areas of high population density.
        
        Lots of labour required.
        
        High capital required.
        
        Soil should be very fertile.
        
        Lots of chemical fertilisers and pesticides used.
        
        Smaller plots of land used to generate more profit.
        
        High yield per unit area. (high productivity of land)
        
        EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
        
        Practised in areas of low population density.
        
        Not very labour intensive.
        
        Moderate capital required.
        
        Soil need not be highly fertile.
        
        Chemical fertilisers and pesticides are not used much.
        
        Large plots of land needed to generate profit.
        
        Low yield per unit area.
        
        ORGANIC FARMING
        
        Fewer chemicals are used in food production by minimizing use of pesticides and fertilisers.
        
        More people are employed on farms as there is a lot of work to be done.
        
        Natural fertilisers improve soil structure, allowing soil to retain more water
        
        There is no risk of artificial fertilisers washing into lakes and rivers, causing eutrophication.
        
        The only drawback is that organic farms have lower yields, which may not be able to sustain increasing population.
        
        PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING
        
        In this type of farming, a patch of land is cleared and then set on fire. This patch of land is used to sow seeds and grow crops. As fertilisers and modern inputs like tractors and harvesting machineries are not used, land yield is low in primitive subsistence farming.
        
        Production: Plants like cassava, tapioca, maize, millet, beans, rice, bananas, etc.
        
        E.g- Shifting cultivation by tribes in Africa, South America and south-east Asia.
        
        Ideal locations- Forest areas with good drainage, Remote areas away from civilisations
        
        INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
        
        Crops are grown and animals are reared only for the use of farmer and his family.
        
        Very little is left over to sell.
        
        It is small-scale in terms of area and investment.
        
        Little technology might be used, but it is usually labour intensive.
        
        COMMERCIAL FARMING
        
        Crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in the market and earning profit.
        
        The area cultivated and capital invested is large.
        
        Most of the work is done by machines.
        
        They usually produce one crop, so are a monoculture.
        
        Wheat and maize are grown commercially in temperate grasslands of North America, Europe, and Australia
        
        Mixed cropping is practised where one crop lends physical / nutritional support to another.
        
        PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
        
        A special type of commercial farming where cash crops are grown on large plantations.
        
        Plantation agriculture was introduced by Europeans in tropical countries.
        
        These farms usually experience high temperatures and heavy rainfall.
        
        Tea, Cocoa, Coffee, Cotton, Banana, Sugarcane, Oil Palm, Pineapple
        
        Hill sheep farming
        
        mutton, wool, lamb
        
        little machinery
        
        survive most climates
        
        poor grass
        
        3 parts
        
        Allotment
        
        rough pasture in large fields surrounded by stone walls
        
        High fell
        
        poor grazing on unfenced land, including rough pasture, peat moors
        
        Inbye
        
        good grazing on flatter land to farmhouse and lake
        
        fields are ploughed, fertilizer is added
        
        Summer food is stored for winter
        
        cattle farming
        
        dairy, beef, milk, glue, horn
        
        well drained land, flat/gentle slopes
        
        good quality grass, warm moist climate
        
        good roads, refrigerated lorries
      - HORTICULTURE
        
        It is the science of growing plants. It usually deals with garden cultivation and management (conventionally involving ornamental, flowers, fruits, medicinal plants, etc.).
      - FRUTICULTURE
        
        Agriculture that deals with growing fruits. ‘Citriculture’ specifically refers to growing citrus fruits.
      - VITICULTURE
        
        The cultivation of grapevines.
      - FLORICULTURE :
        
        The cultivation of flowers.
      - SERICULTURE
        
        Cultivation of suitable trees that can be used for rearing of silkworms.
      - APICULTURE
        
        Rearing of bees.
      - AQUACULTURE
        
        The rearing of aquatic animals and cultivation of aquatic plants for food.
      - SYLVICULTURE
        
        The growth and cultivation of trees.
      - AGROFORESTRY
        
        Land use management where trees and shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland.
      - MARKET GARDENING
        
        Small scale cultivation of fruits, vegetables and flowers for sale to customers or restaurants.
      - AGRI-TOURISM
        
        Farmers supplement their income by building resorts, or arranging tours, wine-tasting, etc. on their farms to encourage tourism.
      - Challanges
        
        A farmer has a hill sheep farm, and has been offered tractors and machinery so that he can produce crops. He must supply wool in return. Should he take up the offer?
        
        No, he shouldn’t take up the offer as the steep land would make it extremely difficult to operate heavy machinery.
        
        A farmer is looking forward to mechanisation of his arable farm. He needs help in digging furrows in soil, sowing seeds, and cutting crops. What machines should he invest in?
        
        A tractor can be used to dig furrows in land, a seed drill can be used to sow seeds, and a harvester can be used to cut the crops.
        
        A lot of sheep die on the high hill sheep farm during winter. What should the farmer do?
        
        The sheep must be transferred to lower pastures during winter season.
        
        It is too dry in the arable farm, and the crops might die due to insufficient water supply. How can you save them?
        
        The farm can be irrigated using ditches, pipes, pumps or canals.
        
        There is too much work on the farm despite the mechanisation. The labourers who work all year round with the farmer threaten to quit. What should be done?
        
        Casual or temporary workers can be hired to work during the busy months, especially during harvesting of crops or shearing of sheep.
        
        There is very little grass on the sheep farm during winter season, and the animals don’t have enough food. What can be done?
        
        Oats, barley, turnips, etc. can be grown during the summer months and stored in barns as winter feed for the animals.
        
        Crops in the arable farm might die as water has accumulated due to flooding by heavy rainfall. What should the farmer do?
        
        Pumps can be used to move water from fields to the nearby river.
      - crop rotation plan
        
        The principle is straightforward enough – the same vegetables should not be planted in the same place year after year
        
        It lessens the need for pest control
        
        You reduce the spread of soil-borne disease
        
        It avoids nutrient depletion in the soil
        
        How
        
        Divide your growing space into a number of distinct areas, identify the crops you want to grow and then keep plants of the same type together in one area. Every year the plants grown in each given area are changed, so that each group (with its own requirements, habits, pests and diseases) can have the advantage of new ground.
        
        Most crop rotation schemes tend to run for at least three or four years, as this is the number of years it takes for most soil-borne pests and diseases to decline to harmless levels
- - - - Incentive tourist, Eco tourist, Leisure tourist, religious tourist, sports and recreation tourist, backpacking of youth tourist, special interest tourist, health or medical tourist, business tourist, educational tourist, adventure tourist, cultural tourist
      - Role of tourism in economy
        
        Tourism helps create employment for people.
        
        Tourism brings a lot of money to the economy of a country.
        
        Several developing countries depend on tourism to improve the standard of living and quality of life of the people.
    - - cruise line, air, rv, motorcoach, rental car, train, banks, restaurants, meeting convention, shopping, sports arenas, recreation, gas, theatre, entertainment, travel agents, accomodations
        
        which pays for: salaries, wages, profits, taxes
        
        which subsequently pays for: comm., banks, shopping, schools, real estate, transportation, infrastructure, farms, technologies, hospitals, pets
    - - Food services and drinks: restaurant owners, chefs, waiters, bartenders, delivery agents, etc.
      - Accommodation: hotel managers, housekeeping, front offices, etc.
      - Amusement, gambling, and recreation: museum staff, ski instructors, tour guides, etc.
      - Performing arts: entertainers, dancers, singers, etc.
      - Travel services: travel agents, airport staff, pilot, taxi services, train drivers, etc.
      - Shopping: sales workers, sporting goods, book, music, souvenirs, etc.
    - - France - 76.8 m
      - US- 59.7 m
      - China- 55.7
      - Spain- 52.7
      - Italy- 43.6
      - UK- 28.1
      - Turkiye- 27 m
      - Germany- 26.9 m
      - Malaysia- 24.6 m
      - Mexico- 22.4
      - Germany- 38.1 b $
      - Italy- 41.2 b $
      - china- 50.1 b $
      - France- 53.7 b $
      - spain 55.9 b $
      - usa- 126 b $
      - UK 35.9 b $
      - Hong Kong 32.1 b $
      - Australia 31.5 b $
      - Mexico 27.6 b $
    - - Boon
        
        Added money to economy
        
        Creation of jobs
        
        Improved standard of living
        
        Creation of new infrastructure (schools, hospitals, roads, etc.)
        
        Restoration of monuments
        
        Strengthening local market
      - Bane
        
        Overcrowding
        
        Noise
        
        Litter
        
        Alcoholism and drugs
        
        Seasonal jobs
        
        Loss of local tradition
        
        Expensive shopping
  - - - Faster, cheaper, easier
    - - travel, accommodation, meals
    - - People can afford more holidays
    - - television, social media, newspapers