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biology paper 1 - Coggle Diagram
biology paper 1
cells
all cells:nucleus, cytoplasm , mitochondria, ribosome, cell membrane
plant only: vacuole , cell wall , chloroplast
prokaryotic cells: DNA not in nucleus, in plasmids e.g. bacteria
mitosis: cells dividing, chromosomes copied, line up, pulled apart , separated
meiosis: sex cells, divides twice , different cells , chromosomes are swapped
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microscopy : M=I/A
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SEM and TEM microspopes , high res
DNA: A-T C-G, 3 bases = amino acid -> tell cell what order to put in to synthesize proteins (ribosomes)
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osmosis : diffusion through partially permeable membrane : prac! cylinders of potato with same Weight put in different concentration solutions of sugar water, measure change in mass after drying with paper towel
active transport: move particles against concentration gradient, carrier proteins
organisation
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waxy cuticle : waterproof
upper epidermis: transparent
palisade layer : photosynthesis
spongy mesophyll : gas exchange
Guard cells : control stomata size
xylem : dead, water transpiration from top , diffusion causes water to move up
phloem : active transport , one way
food tests:
starch - iodine - purple
fats - ethanol - white emulsion
glucose - benedicts and HWB - orange
protein - biuret - purple
Enzymes break down molecules:
amylase - starch - sugar
lipase - fats - fatty acids
protease - protein - amino acids
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prac!
iodine on spotting tille
30 c water bath
starch amylase and buffer solution
start timer when add enzyme
spot every 20 s until iodine turns purple
repeat w/ different Ph buffer
Lungs :
trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli :
air sacks , large SA, where gas exchange occurs
Arteries, Away , small lumen thick wall
veins: thin walls, valves
capillaries: 1 cell thick , short diffusion pathway
O2 binds to haemoglobin
CO2 disolved into plasmids
non communicable diseases:
Atheroma - fat deposits
CHD = ^ around heart
aneurism - ballooning of blood vessel
diabetes - 1 born 2 develop
cancer - uncontrolled cell division (benign / malignant :unamused:
risk factors : diet, smoking , drugs , UV, exercise
infection and response
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Monoclonal antibodies:
inject mouse with antigen, extract WBC and fuse with tumor cell
clone hybridomas and harvest antibodies
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bio energetics
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reverse of respiration = photosynthesis: produce glucose for starch, cellulose, proteins, lipids
rate of photosynthesis prac!:
pondweed in water , lamp near tube , count oxygen bubbles, vary light intensity
metabolism: sum of all chemical reactions:
e.g. liver processes ,