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APPLIED STATISTICS - Coggle Diagram
APPLIED STATISTICS
Introduction to statistics
es the
is the science that studies data sets and
its interpretation in mathematical terms
history
Since the beginnings of civilization there have been simple forms of statistics, since graphic representations and other symbols on skins, rocks, wooden sticks and cave walls were used to count the number of people, animals or other things.
Statistics Applications
it's a
powerful auxiliary of many sciences and
human activities
psychology
human geography
economy
Statistics Divisions
Statistics is traditionally divided into
Inductive Statistics
are
Those methods that make it possible to estimate a characteristic of a population
Descriptive statistics
are
Those methods that include the collection, presentation, and characterization of a data set in order to appropriately describe the various characteristics of that set.
Measures of central tendency
Definition of Measures of Central Tendency
are
that indicate the center of a data set.
such as
• Mean or Average (the middle value).
• Median (the middle value).
• Mean or Average (the middle value).
. Mean or Average
Is calculated
adding all the data and then dividing the
total by the number of data items involved.
Median
is the
mean value of an ordered sequence of data.
Moda
is the
is the value that is repeated the most, the one that appears with the most frequency.
Data Collection and Presentation
table
data
then can by
collected in various ways: questionnaires, sampling,
censuses, observations, etc.
Frequency
is the
number of times the same value is repeated
Graphical Presentation of Data A
histogram
are
vertical bar diagrams in which bars are built
rectangles at the boundaries of each class.
polygons
is a
graph that joins with lines the midpoints at the top of the
histogram bars.
basic concept
following words
sample
is the
subset of the population that is studied and from which conclusions about the characteristics of the population are drawn
individual
is
Each of the elements of the sample or population
population
is the
set of all the elements that meet certain properties and among which it is desired to study a certain phenomenon
census
is the
study that is done directly to an entire population
I sample
is
A study that is done only on a sample of the population.
variable
is
Each of the traits or characteristics of the elements of a population and that vary from one individual to another
Graphical Presentation of Data B
bar graphs
is a
each category is described by a bar, the length of which
represents the frequency or percentage of observations that fall into a category.
Pie chart
is the
, each category is described by a bar, whose length
represents the frequency or percentage of observations that fall into a category.
Steps to build a bar
• All bars must have the same width.
• The spaces between the bars should vary from half the width of a bar to the width of a bar.
• The bars must be built horizontally.
Scales and guides are useful aids in reading a graph and should be included.
• The zero point or origin must be indicated.
• The axes must have a name
Deviation Measures
. The Coefficient of Variation
Variance and Standard Deviation
is when
take into account how the
observations.
Definition of Deviation Measures
range
is the
difference between the largest and smallest observation in a data set. The range measures the total spread in the data series.
range weakness
is the
fails to take into account the way the data is
are actually distributed between the largest and the smallest value.