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Digestive System Chidubem Adinna p.5 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive System
Chidubem Adinna
p.5
Digestive System Functions
Ingestion (eating); propulsion (sending food to pharynx, stomach, and duodenum, sends feces from large intestine to rectum); Mechanical breakdown (chewing/mastication and food mixing with gastric juice); Digestion( Saliva breaking down starch and pepsin breaking down protein, enzymes from pancreas complete digestion of all foods, food residues digested by gut bacteria); Absorption (absorbs fat-soluble substances and other essential nutrients and remaining water and electrolytes); defecation(elimination of feces through the anus)
Urinary Functions
Regulating water volume and solute concentration, producing erythropoetin, eliminating waste in the form of urine, pH balance, cleanses blood
Major Digestive Organs
Pancreas, Small Intestine, large intestine, esophagus, stomach, gall bladder, liver, mouth, salivary glands, anus
Major Urinary Organs
Ureters, Urethra, Urinary bladder, kidneys, urinary sphincter
Digestive enzymes
Proteases: breaks down proteins and prevents self digestion
Lipases: breaks down lipids
amylase: breaks down carbs into simple sugars
Nucleases: breaks down nucleotides to nucleic acids
Nephron Anatomy and physiology
Anatomy: Glomerulus, glomerular capsule, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, nephron loop (ascending and descending limbs), collecting ducts
Physiology:Processes 180L of fluid daily and releases 1.5L of urine; filtrate is blood plasma without protein; urine is created from filtrate; consumes 20-25% of oxygen used by body; filters blood plasma volume 60 times a day
Macromolecule Digestion & Absorption:
Carbs
Digestion: starch & disachharides in mouth -> oligosaccharides in small intestine -> lactose, maltose, sucrose in small intestine -> galactose, glucose, and fructose
Absorption: glucose and galactase absorbed with Na+; fructose and other monosachharides through facilitated diffusion; monosaccharides enter capillary blood through villi and get sent to the liver through hepatic portal vein
Protein
Proteins in stomach-> large polypeptides in small intestine -> small polypeptides and small peptides in small intestine-> amino acids
amino acids leave epithelia through facilitated diffusion, enter the capillary through the villi, and get sent to the liver through hepatic portal vein
Fats
Digestion: Unemulsified tryglycerides in mouth, stomach and small intestine -> monoglycerides and fatty acids
Nucleic Acids
Digestion: nucleic acids in small intestine -> pentose sugar
GI tract layers
Common: mucosa (lowest layer connected to lumen), submucosa(above mucosa), muscularis externis( inner circular muscular and longitudinal outer muscle layer), serosa(membrane protecting deeper layers)
Stomach: Has same layers but muscularis externa has an extra component (outer longitudinal, middle cirular, and inner oblique) which helps break bolus into chyme and send it in the small intestine
Disorders
Cholecystitis: inflammation of gall bladder; caused by gallstones, inflammation and digestive tumor; symptoms are chills, sweating, and bloating; treated by fasting, antibiotics, and cholecystectomy
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: chronic deasease caused by relaxed gastroesophageal sphincters allowing stomach content up the esophagus; caused by obesity, asthma, and frequent acid reflux; symptoms are sore throat, sour taste, and esophagitis; treated with surgery and medication
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: chronic intestinal condition that causes GI tract inflammation; caused by genetic and environmental factors; symptoms are abdominal pain, fever and anemia; treated with medication, fluid displacement, and duct replacement
Peptic Ulcers: sores developed in stomach or duodenum lining; caused by stress, smoking, and alcohol abuse; symptoms are heartburn, nausea, and weight loss; treated with endoscopic surgery, medication, and lifestyle changes
Bladder cancer: abnormal bladder cell growth; caused by smoking or chemical and radiation exposure; symptoms are hematuria, back pain, and pain while urinating; treated by changing diet and avoiding radiation and chemicals
Urinary tract infections: bacteria growth in urinary tract; common in sexually active women, menopausal women, and pregnant women; symptoms are cloudy and painful urine and pelvic pain; treated by antibiotics and prevented with urine test
Kidney stone: urine with high salt and mineral levels forming hard stones; caused by UTIs, unhealthy diets, and uric acid buildup; symptoms are sharp cramping pains, frequent urination, and burning feeling while urinating; treated with urination, surgery and medication
polyps: abnormal mucosa membrane tissue growth; caused by age, hereditary factors, and diet; symptoms are bloody stool, diarrhea, and constipation; treated with diet adjustment and surgery
Colorectal cancer: uncontrolled colon cell growth; caused by lifestyle, surgical history, and hereditary factors; symptoms are bloating, fatigue, and weight loss; treated with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy